CredData (Credential Dataset)

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• How To Use
• Data Overview
  • Data statistics
• Data
  • Selecting Target Repositories
  • Ground Rules for Labeling Suspected Credential Information
• Metadata
• Obfuscation
• License
• Directory Structure
• Benchmark
  • Main Requirements
  • Installation
  • How to run
  • Benchmark Result
  • Used Tools for Benchmarking
• Citation
• How to Get Involved
• How to Contact

Introduction

CredData (Credential Dataset) is a set of files including credentials in open source projects. CredData includes suspicious lines with manual review results and more information such as credential types for each suspicious line.

CredData can be used to develop new tools or improve existing tools. Furthermore, using the benchmark result of the CredData, users can choose a proper tool among open source credential scanning tools according to their use case. We sincerely hope that CredData will help minimize credential leaks.

How To Use

We offer the dataset for download as metadata files and script that would collect required code files based on the metadata.

To download data please use:

• Linux based OS
• Python 3.7.10 or higher version

Then run:

pip install PyYAML
python download_data.py --data_dir data 

That Linux based OS is required due to NTFS filenames issue. Some files that would be downloaded and processed have names that are invalid in Windows/NTFS systems (such as version->1.2.js).

Using python with lower versions may result in OSError: [Errno 40] Too many levels of symbolic links exception.

Resulting dataset has no invalid filenames and can be used on Windows OS.

tmp directory can be removed after dataset generated.

Data Overview

Data Statistics

Dataset consists of 19,459,282 lines of code extracted from 11,408 files in 297 different repositories. Total 73,842 lines of code are labeled, of which 4,583 (6%) labeled as True. Labeled data divided into 8 major categories according to their properties.

Lines of code by language

Language	Total	Labeled	True	Language	Total	Labeled	True
Text	85,144	10,896	1,626	No Extension	48,645	1,132	49
Go	838,816	6,515	459	Config	7,920	340	46
YAML	74,643	2,781	344	AsciiDoc	27,803	448	36
JavaScript	742,704	4,130	340	Shell	42,019	1,340	31
Python	351,494	5,643	260	Haskell	5,127	90	31
Markdown	186,099	3,752	253	Java Properties	1,878	124	30
JSON	15,036,863	14,430	238	XML	57,377	1,409	25
Java	178,326	1,751	148	reStructuredText	38,267	531	21
Ruby	186,196	4,669	145	SQLPL	16,808	612	20
Key	8,803	364	116	Objective-C	19,840	211	14
TypeScript	151,832	2,533	79	TOML	2,566	239	12
PHP	113,865	1,936	76	Scala	9,564	163	12
Other	1,226,683	7,803	172

True credentials by category

Category	True credentials
Password	1,395
Generic Secret	1,056
Private Key	992
Generic Token	333
Predefined Pattern	327
Authentication Key & Token	67
Seed, Salt, Nonce	39
Other	374

Data

Selecting Target Repositories

In order to collect various cases in which credentials exist, we selected publicly accessible repositories on Github through the following process:

1. We wanted to collect credentials from repositories for various languages, frameworks, and topics, so we primarily collected 181 topics on Github.

   In this process, to select widely known repositories for each topic, we limited repositories with more than a certain number of stars. 19,486 repositories were selected in this process.

2. We filtered repositories which have the license that can not be used for dataset according to the license information provided by Github.

   In some cases, the provided license was inaccurate. So we conducted with manual review.

3. Filtering was carried out by checking whether strings related to the most common credentials such as 'password' and 'secret' among the result repositories are included and how many are included. After that, we executed several open source credential scanning tools.

4. For the results of No.3, we manually reviewed the detection results of all tools. Please check Ground Rules for Labeling Suspected Credential Information for the method used in the review.

As a result, we selected 297 repositories containing lines that we suspect had at least one credential value.

Ground Rules for Labeling Suspected Credential Information

It is difficult to know whether a line included in the source code is a real credential. However, based on human cognitive abilities, we can expect the possibility that the detected result contains actual credential information. We classify the detection results to the three credential type.

• True : It looks like a real credential value.
• False : It looks like a false positive case, not the actual credential value.
• Template : It seems that it is not an actual credential, but it is a placeholder. It might be helpful in cases such as ML.

In order to compose an accurate Ground Truth set, we proceed data review based on the following 'Ground Rules':

1. All credentials in test (example) directories should be labeled as True.

2. Credentials with obvious placeholders (password = <YOUR_PASSWORD>;) should be labeled as Template.

3. Function calls without string literals (password=getPass();) and environmental variable assignments (password=${pass}) should be labeled as False.

4. Base64 and other encoded data should be labeled as False. If it is a plaintext credential just encoded to Base64, that should be labeled as True.

5. Package and resource version hash is not a credential, so common hash string (integrity sha512-W7s+uC5bikET2twEFg==) is False.

6. Be careful about filetype when checking variable assignment:

   In .yaml file row (password=my_password) can be a credential but in .js or .py it cannot. This languages require quotations (' or ") for string declaration (password="my_password").

7. Check if the file you are labeling is not a localization file. For example config/locales/pt-BR.yml is not a credentials, just a translation. So those should be labeled as False.

We could see that many credentials exist in directories/files that have the same test purpose as test/tests. In the case of these values, people often judge that they contain a real credential, but we do not know whether this value is an actual usable credential or a value used only for testing purposes. We classify those values as True in order to prevent the case of missing real usable credentials. Since it may be necessary to separate the values in the future, we have separated the files for testing and the files that are not. (Check metadata or data set)

Metadata

Metadata includes Ground Truth values and additional information for credential lines detected by various tools.

Properties on the Metadata

Name of property	Data Type	Description
ID	Integer	Credential ID
FileID	String	Filename hash. Used to download correct file from a external repo
Domain	String	Domain of repository. (ex. Github)
RepoName	String	Project name that credential was found
FilePath	String	File path where credential information was included
LineStart:LineEnd	Integer:Integer	Line information, it can be single(2:2) or multiple(ex. 2:4 means 2 to 4 inclusive)
GroundTruth	String	Ground Truth of this credential. True / False or Template
ValueStart	Integer	Index of value on the line. always nan if GroundTruth is False.
ValueEnd	Integer	Index of character right after value ends in the line.
InURL	Boolean	Flag to indicate if credential is a part of a URL, such as "http://user:pwd@site.com"
CharacterSet	String	Characters used in the credential (NumberOnly, CharOnly, Any)
CryptographyKey	String	Type of a key: Private or Public
PredefinedPattern	String	Credential with defined regex patterns (AWS token with AKIA... pattern)
VariableNameType	String	Categorize credentials by variable name into Secret, Key, Token, SeedSalt and Auth
Entropy	Float	Shanon entropy of a credential
WithWords	Boolean	Flag to indicate word(https://github.com/first20hours/google-10000-english) is included on the credential
Length	Integer	Value length, similar to ValueEnd - ValueStart
Base64Encode	Boolean	Is credential a base64 string?
HexEncode	Boolean	Is credential a hex encoded string? (like \xFF or FF 02 33)
URLEncode	Boolean	Is credential a url encoded string? (like one%20two)
Category	String	Labeled data divided into 8 major categories according to their properties. see Category.

Category

Labeled data divided into 8 major categories according to their properties.

Name	Description
Password	Short secret with entropy <3.5 or Password keyword in variable name
Generic Secret	Secret of any length with high entropy
Private Key	Private cryptographic key
Predefined Pattern	Credential detected based on defined regex, such as Google API Key/JWT/AWS Client ID
Seed, Salt, Nonce	Credential with seed, salt or nonce in variable name
Generic Token	Credential with Token in VariableNameType and not covered by other categories
Authentication Key & Token	Credential with Auth in VariableNameType and not covered by other categories
Other	Any credentials that is not covered by categories above

Relationship between Data and Metadata

You can see metadata files in the meta directory. A single metadata file contains rows including line location, value index and GT(GroundTruth) information about the suspect credential information for a specific repository.

Let's look at the meta/02dfa7ec.csv. file as an example.

Id,FileID,Domain,RepoName,FilePath,LineStart:LineEnd,GroundTruth,WithWords,ValueStart,ValueEnd,...
34024,61ed9af5,GitHub,02dfa7ec,data/02dfa7ec/test/n.example,83:83,True,Secret,HighEntropy,0,31,73,...

Convert the above line with only essential columns into a table format:

...	RepoName	FilePath	LineStart:LineEnd	GroundTruth	...	ValueStart	ValueEnd	...
...	02dfa7ec	data/02dfa7ec/test/n.example	83:83	True	...	31	73	...

This line means that the credential line exists in the 83th line of the data/02dfa7ec/test/n.example file that downloaded and obfuscated output after running the download_data.py script. You can find the n.example file in the output generated by the download_data.py script execution by referring to the above path.

When you check the 83th line of the file, you can see that the following line exists.

GITHUB_ENTERPRISE_ORG_SECRET=hfbpozfhvuwgtfosmo2imqskc73w04jf3313309829

In here, you can see the credential based on the values of ValueStart and ValueEnd in the metadata.

hfbpozfhvuwgtfosmo2imqskc73w04jf3313309829

That the corresponding value is an obfuscated value, not an actual credential value. For that part, please refer to the following Obfuscation section.

Obfuscation

If the suspicious lines are included in the dataset as it is, the credential values actually used in real may be leaked, which is not a desirable result.

To avoid such cases we proceeded:

1. Credential values obfuscation in files.
2. Directory & file name and directory hierarchy obfuscation.

Credential values obfuscation in files

To prevent leakage of the actual credential value in the file, we can mask the line that is supposed to be credential or change it to a random string. However, this masking and changing to a random string can make the side effects to the detection performance of several tools. We have applied other methods to substitute the actual credential values within the limits of ensuring the detectability of these various tools.

• Replacing the real value to a example value for a case where a fixed pattern is clear (ex. AWS Access Key)
• Replacing the entire file with credential information to a example file. (ex. X.509 Key)
• Random key generation using regex pattern from the character set of real string and length.

Directory & file name and directory hierarchy obfuscation

Even if the line suspected of having a credential in the file is obfuscated, you can easily check the original credential value and where it came from by the information of the repository (repo name, directory structure, file name). To prevent this from happening, we obfuscated the directory structure and file names. Files with lines suspected of being credential / detected by the tool. It is saved in the form of data/RepoID/(src|test)/FileID.FILE_EXTENSION. RepoID and FileID are not opened separately, but original repository information can be provided only for research purposes and the actual repository owner through separate contact. For contact information, please refer to the How to Contact section.

License

Each file is under the existing project's license. It may be difficult to check the license of an existing project due to obfuscation of file and directory structure, etc., but you can check the actual license through the license corresponding to the RepoID in the license directory.

Directory Structure

📦CredData
 ┃
 ┣ 📂benchmark
 ┃
 ┣ 📂data          ---- To be generated by `download_data.py`
 ┃ ┗ 📂A
 ┃   ┣ 📂src
 ┃   ┃ ┗ 📜a.c     ---- Source File
 ┃   ┃
 ┃   ┣ 📂test
 ┃   ┃ ┗ 📜b.c     ---- Source File but in the test/tests.
 ┃   ┃
 ┃   ┣ 📂other
 ┃   ┃ ┗ 📜c       ---- File has no extension or Readme 
 ┃   ┃
 ┃   ┗ 📜LICENSE(COPYING)   ---- License File for repo A
 ┃
 ┣ 📂meta
 ┃    ┗ 📜A.csv
 ┃
 ┣ 📜snapshot.yaml ---- URL and commit info for used repositories
 ┃
 ┣ 📜README.md
 ┃
 ┣ 📜download_data.py
 ┃
 ┗ 📜LICENSE

Benchmark

Main Requirements

• Python3.7 or higher

Installation

$ virtualenv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
$ pip install -qr requirements.txt

How to run

usage: python -m benchmark [-h] --scanner [SCANNER]

optional arguments:
  -h, --help           show this help message and exit
  --scanner [SCANNER]  scanner name to benchmark (support: ['credsweeper', 'credential_digger',
                       'detect_secrets', 'gitleaks', 'shhgit', 'trufflehog3', 'wraith'])

Such as:

$ python -m benchmark --scanner credsweeper

Benchmark Result

A table of performance metrics for each tool tested based on CredData. The content will be updated in detail with the release of our tool in October. For the tools used, see the Used Tools for Benchmarking section below. (The benchmark test was conducted by combining training and test data.)

Updated: April 2022

Name	TP	FP	TN	FN	FPR	FNR	Accuracy	Precision	Recall	F1
CredSweeper	3,701	337	19,454,362	882	0.0000173223	0.1924503600	0.9999373564	0.9165428430	0.8075496400	0.8586010904
credential-digger	479	4,871	19,449,828	4,104	0.0002503765	0.8954833079	0.9995387805	0.0895327103	0.1045166921	0.0964461895
detect-secrets	1,748	10,599	19,444,100	2,835	0.0005448041	0.6185904429	0.9993096354	0.1415728517	0.3814095571	0.2064973420
gitleaks	1,120	1011	19,453,688	3,463	0.0000519669	0.7556185904	0.9997700840	0.5255748475	0.2443814096	0.3336312183
shhgit	330	306	19,454,393	4,253	0.0000157288	0.9279947633	0.9997657159	0.5188679245	0.0720052367	0.1264610079
truffleHog	42	126	19,454,573	4,541	0.0000064766	0.9908356971	0.9997601659	0.2500000000	0.0091643029	0.0176804883
truffleHog3	2,507	14,235	19,440,464	2,076	0.0007316998	0.4529783984	0.9991617882	0.1497431609	0.5470216016	0.2351230950
wraith(gitrob)	898	3,099	19,451,600	3,685	0.0001592931	0.8040584770	0.9996513746	0.2246685014	0.1959415230	0.2093240093

• Terminology
  • TP(True Positive) : Values that are Actually Positive and Predicted Positive.
  • FP(False Positive): Values that are Actually Negative but Predicted Positive.
  • TN(True Negative): Values that are Actually Negative and Predicted Negative.
  • FN(False Negative): Values that are Actually Positive but Predicted Negative.
  • FPR(False Positive Rate): False Positive / Negative, FNR and FPR should be low.
  • FNR(False Negative Rate): False Negative / Positive
  • Accuracy = True Positive + True Negative / Total, Accuracy, Precision and Recall should always be high.
  • Precision = True Positive / Predicted Positive
  • Recall = True Positive / Actually Positive
  • F1 = 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision + Recall)

Used Tools for Benchmarking

Name	URL
CredSweeper	https://github.com/Samsung/CredSweeper
credential-digger	https://github.com/SAP/credential-digger
detect-secrets	https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets
gitLeaks	https://github.com/zricethezav/gitleaks
shhgit	https://github.com/eth0izzle/shhgit
truffleHog	https://github.com/trufflesecurity/truffleHog
wraith(gitrob)	https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-security/security-operations/gl-redteam/gitrob

Citation

You can use CredData on your research.

@misc{sr-cred21,
    author = {JaeKu Yun and ShinHyung Choi and YuJeong Lee and Oleksandra Sokol and WooChul Shim and Arkadiy Melkonyan and Dmytro Kuzmenko},
    title = {Project CredData: A Dataset of Credentials for Research},
    howpublished ={ \url{https://github.com/Samsung/CredData}},
    year = {2021}
}

How to Get Involved

In addition to developing under an Open Source license, A use an Open Source Development approach, welcoming everyone to participate, contribute, and engage with each other through the project.

Project Roles

A recognizes the following formal roles: Contributor and Maintainer. Informally, the community may organize itself and give rights and responsibilities to the necessary people to achieve its goals.

Contributor

A Contributor is anyone who wishes to contribute to the project, at any level. Contributors are granted the following rights, to:

• Can suggest
  • Change in Ground Truth for currently added/ newly added codes
  • New open repository to be included
• Report defects (bugs) and suggestions for enhancement
• Participate in the process of reviewing contributions by others

Contributors are required to:

• Must follow below rules when updating additional credential dataset
  • Additional data must be individual from the original data, they must not effect(change/remove/conflict) with the original data
  • Additional data must not include valid/real credential data to prevent further exposure of the credential, they must be transformed by the obfuscation rule guided in README.md, or changed through other process which has similar obfuscation effect.
• To contribute and reflect changes, Contributors receive the approval of the maintainer.

Contributors who show dedication and skill are rewarded with additional rights and responsibilities. Their opinions weigh more when decisions are made, in a fully meritocratic fashion.

Maintainer

A Maintainer is a Contributor who is also responsible for knowing, directing and anticipating the needs of a given a Module. As such, Maintainers have the right to set the overall organization of the source code in the Module, and the right to participate in the decision-making. Maintainers are required to review the contributor’s requests and decide whether to accept or not the contributed data.

Name	E-Mail
Jaeku Yun	jk0113.yun@samsung.com
Shinhyung Choi	sh519.choi@samsung.com
Yujeong Lee	yujeongg.lee@samsung.com
Oleksandra Sokol	o.sokol@samsung.com
Dmytro Kuzmenko	d.kuzmenko@samsung.com
Arkadiy Melkonyan	a.melkonyan@samsung.com

How to Contact

Please post questions, issues, or suggestions into Issues. This is the best way to communicate with the developer.