Pomelo의 설계 동기

Pinus design motivation

Pinus의 설계 동기

Initially, pinus was designed for game server, but after completion of the design and development, it was found that pinus can be a general-purpose distributed real-time application development framework. Here, we will illustrate pinus's design motivation by analyzing demands of a game server and problems faced when developing it.

맨 처음, pinus는 게임서버를 위해 설계 되었지만, 설계 및 개발 종료 후, 포멜로가 범용 분산 실시간 애플리케이션 개발 프레임워크가 될 수 있다는 사실을 발견하였다. 여기서는 게임 서버 요구 분석과 개발할 시 직면하는 문제에 대해서 설명하겠다.

What's Game Server

People who have not worked on game server may think game server is very mysterious. But in fact it is not more complicated than the web server, it is nothing but provides services for the network requests from the clients. Essentially, it's just a socket server based on long connection. Of course, it demands more than web server on the aspect of logical complexity, message volume, real-time performance, etc. Now, we will introduce you some features of game server by making a contrast between web server and game server:

게임 서버란 무엇인가?

게임 서버를 개발하거나 운영해보지 못한 사람은 게임서버를 매우 신비롭게 생각한다. 그러나 실제로 웹 서버보다 복잡하지 않다. 단지 클라이언트의 네트워크 요청에 대한 서비스를 제공할뿐이다. 본질적으로 장기접속(long connection)기반 소켓 서버라는 것이다. 물론 로직의 복잡성, 메시지 볼륨, 실기간 성능 측면에서 웹 서버보다 더 많은 요구에 부합되여야 한다. 자 그럼 웹서버와 비교하면서 게임서버의 일부 기능을 보기로 하자:

Complicated Socket Server

복잡한 소켓 서버

In fact, we can treat a web server as a http server, while we treat a game server as a raw socket server . It is implemented to handle interactions between server-side and client-side by using socket communication. Therefore, there are a lot of game servers are implemented based on the native socket (aka TCP) directly. Compared with simple socket server, the game server does more onerous tasks:

사실, 게임 서버를 raw socket 서버로 대할 수 있는 것에 비해 우리는 웹서버를 http 서버로 대할 수 있다. 서버 사이드와 클라이언트 사이드 사이에서 소켓 통신을 이용한 상호작용을 다루기 위해 구현된다. 따라서, 많은 게임 서버들이 네이티브 소켓(aka TCP)을 직접 구현하는 것에 기반하고 있다. 간단한 소켓 서버와 비교하면, 게임 서버는 더 힘겨운 작업들을 한다:

Extremely complicated game logics that the backend servers must handle. A huge amount of network traffic, and real-time requirement. In general, a single socket server can not stand it, so it tends to use a cluster of servers to provide services. Long Connection and Real-time

백엔드 서버가 다뤄야 할 매우 복잡한 게임 로직들. 방대한 네트웍 트래픽과 실시간 요구사항. 일반적으로 소켓 서버 하나로는 이것을 감당할 수 없으므로, 서비스들을 제공하기 위한 서버군을 사용하는 경향이 있다. 장기접속(long connection)과 실시간.

Web application is based on request/response pattern of short connection, so resources holded by the web server is much less than game server because game server uses long connection. Thus, maximum scalability can be achieved for web server by using http-based application to handle short connection. The reasons why web server can use short connection are presented as follows:

웹 애플리케이션은 짧은 연결의 request/response 패턴에 기반하고 있으므로, 웹서버가 사용하는 리소스는 장기 접속을 하는 게임서버에 비해 훨씬 가볍다. 따라서 짧은 연결 주기를 다루는 http 기반 애플리케이션을 사용하는 것으로 웹서버는 최대의 확장성(scalability)을 달성할 수 있다. 웹서버가 짧은 연결을 사용할 수 있는 이유는 다음과 같다:

One-way communication, typical web application only supports pull mode; Low demand on real-time, generally, it can be considered timely if web server can respond within 3 seconds. But game application can only use long connection for the following reasons :

일방 통신, 일반적인 웹 애플리케이션은 받아오는 모드만 지원한다; 실시간 요구가 적다. 일반적으로, 웹서버가 3초 이내에 답을 주면 늦지 않다고 간주한다. 하지만, 게임 애플리케이션이 장기접속만 사용하는 이유는 다음과 같다 :

Two-way communication, game application should support both pull mode and push mode, and what's more is that the amount of data server pushes is far greater than the data client pulls initiatively. Extremely high demand on real-time, the server should push message to client real-timely, and maximum response time should be less than 100ms. Partitioning Strategy and Load Balancing

양방향 통신, 게임 애플리케이션은 pull mode와 push mode 둘 다를 지원해야 하는 데다가, 데이터 서버에 대한 push가 클라이언트가 처음에 받아오는(pull) 양보다 훨씬 많다. 실시간에 대한 요구 조건이 훨씬 까다롭다. 서버는 클라이언트에 늦어도 100ms 이내에 실시간으로 답을 해줘야 한다. (유저) 파티셔닝 전략과 로드 밸런싱.

There is no adjacent concept on interaction between web applications in general, the interaction between all users are equal. The interactive frequency is irrelevant to user's geography in web application, but it is opposite in game application. The interactive frequency with other players in the game is related largely with where the player is located(area). For example, two players who is adjacent to each other can attack each other or make a team to attack monsters, so the interaction between them will be very frequent, and the real-time requirement is very high too, that means it must be required that these two players should be located in the same area server process to reduce cross-process cost. So there will be a partition strategy according to area for game application, that is different from web application, as shown below:

대개의 웹애플리케이션에는 '인접 위치' 라는 개념이 없고 모든 유저에 대한 인터랙션이 동등하다. 유저의 상호작용 빈도가 웹애플리케이션에서의 유저의 위치정보와 상관이 없지만, 게임에서는 그렇지 않다. 다른 플레이어와의 상호작용 빈도는 해당 플레이어의 위치와 큰 상관관계가 있다. 예를 들어, 인접한 두 플레이어가 서로 공격을 하거나, 몬스터를 함께 공격할 수 있는 것 처럼 플레이어들 사이의 상호작용이 굉장히 자주 일어나고 실시간 처리가 많은 경우 요구되기 때문에, 이 두 플레이어는 서버간 처리 코스트를 없애기 위해 같은 지역(area) 서버에 위치해야만 한다. 따라서, 게임에서의 지역에 따른 파티셔닝 전략이 있어야 하고, 다음과 같이 웹 애플리케이션과 차이가 있다.

area

지역

A server process can stand one area or multiple areas, so scalability of the game server is limited by area processes. If an area is too busy, out of its capacity, then the whole game server will be blocked and down. Area server is stateful, requests from a particular player must be sent to the same area server. As we know, stateful server brings us many problems, that leads to the area server is not as good as web server on the aspects of high scalablity and high availability. Typically, we had to alleviate these problems by isolating game servers from each others.

서버 프로세스는 하나 혹은 복수의 지역들을 처리할 수 있으므로, 그 게임 서버의 확장성은 지역 프로세스들에 의해 제약을 받는다. 만약 한 지역의 부하가 너무 커서 허용량을 초과하면 전체 게임 서버가 블럭되거나 다운된다. 지역 서버는 상태를 가지며 (stateful), 특정 플레이어의 request들은 같은 지역 서버에 전달되어야 한다. 알다시피 상태를 가진(stateful) 서버는 많은 문제가 일어날 수 있어서, 지역 서버가 웹 서버 같은 높은 확장성(scalability)이나 가용성(availability)를 가지기 힘들게 만든다. 일반적으로는 게임 서버들을 서로 분리하는 것으로 이런 문제들을 완화한다.

Web application's partitioning can be determined based on regular load balancing, while the game application's is based on the area partitioning strategy, which enables players within a same area to run in the same area server process, in order to reduce cross-process cost.

웹 애플리케이션의 파티셔닝은 범용적인 로드 밸런싱이 가능하지만, 게임 애플리케이션은 지역 파티셔닝 전략에 좌우된다. 이는 같은 지역에 있는 플레이어들이 같은 지역 서버 프로세스에서 실행되도록 하여 프로세스간 코스트를 없애는 것을 말한다.

Scalability and Distributed

확장성(Scalability)과 분산(Distributed)

Whether a web application or game application, scalability is always the most important indicator to evaluate it, and it is also the most difficult problem, which involves the running architecture and various optimization strategies. It is assured on the scale of the game, the number of online player at the same time and response time to players only if you have a scalable design. The running architecture of most previous game servers uses a single process model where all the logic is handled, and it is available when there are not many enough players online at the same time. Due to the increasing number of online player at the same time, it brings big challenges to scalability of the single process server inevitably. Therefore, distributed and multi-process game server becomes an inevitable choice.

Here is figure showing differents between architectures of web server and game server:

game_server_arch

It can be seen that web server can redirect requests to any process only according to load balancer, so its running architecture is relatively simple, and rarely require to be distributed.

But game server uses a spider-net-like architecture, each process has its own responsibility, these processes are intertwined together to complete a task. So game server is a typical distributed architecture.

Difficulties From the analysis above, we know the game server uses a spider-net-like architecture, and this bring some difficulties to game server development. These difficulties include:

Real-time Guaranteed

For a game server, its real-time tasks include:

Real-time Tick

Typically, game server requires a timed tick to perform timed tasks. In order to achieve real-time behavior, this tick timer may be within 100ms. These tasks include the following logics in general:

Traverse entities including players, monsters, etc. in an area, and do some operations on them, such as moving , reviving, disappearing. Timed producing the monsters in an area as some of them are killed. Timed AI logics, such as the monster's attacking , escaping and other logic. Because the time limitation is 100ms, so these tasks must be executed in far less than 100ms.

Broadcast

Since a player's action in the game must be notified to other players in the same area real-timely, so broadcast is required to do so, that also makes network traffic of game application is much higher than web application.

Broadcast in the game is expensive. Player's input and output are asymmetrical, for example, a player just makes a little moving, then the server needs to deliver this action to all other players who can see this player in the same area. If there are fewer players inside an area, the number of broadcast messages are not too many, but if the number of players reaches a high level, the number of broadcast messages will increase exponentially. As shown below:

broadcast

Assuming there are 1000 players in an area, and each one does an action, if server need notify these actions to each others in the area, that means all the player can see each other in the area, then the number of broadcast messages will up to 1,000,000, it is enough to down anything.

Distributed

Almost in many books, lectures and articles can be seen this point: distributed development is difficult. Its difficulties includes:

Multi-process(server) Management

The game server usually use multi-process model. As these processes are intertwined with each other, it becomes difficult to manage these processes.

Without a unified abstraction and management of the servers(processes), it is a very complicated task to start theses servers up in development environment, the operations of starting and restarting servers will seriously affect the development efficiency. What's more, heavyweight processes consume a lot of machine resources, a regular machine used for development may not stand so many processes, it is possible that a developer requires multiple machines, that will bring us inter-process debugging which is difficult as we know.

RPC Invocation

The solution for RPC invocation has existed for many years, but development efficiency is still not improved significantly.

Here, we use the most popular rpc framework thrift as an example to show how to use a rpc framework traditionally. It needs to go through the following steps before writting the invoking code:

Write a .thrift file Generate some source code from .thrift file by using its compiler: thrift - gen <thrift_filename> Use generated source code in application development. And if interfaces defined change, we need to modify the .thrift file and redo all the steps above. For development environment in which the interfaces are unstable, it will impact on development efficiency heavily if you do rpc in this way. To make development of the RPC be easier, we need a flxible way without writing interface description file and generating stub interfaces.

Distributed Transaction & Asynchronous Operation

Even though we try to put the related logic into one process, distributed transaction is still inevitable. Two-phase commit, asynchronous operation in the development is not an easy task while using an ordinary programming language.

Load Balancing, High Availability

Since game server is stateful, requests from a particular player need to be routed to the same server through a specific routing rule, while we can route requests to the least loaded server for stateless web server. Usually it is easier to make it be high available for stateless servers than stateful servers. For stateful servers, making it be high available will be very difficult to do, but also there are some way to do that, here are two approaches:

Store states to external storage For example, we can use redis or something like to store all the players' states, so that the server does not have to hold any states, it becomes stateless. But because all operations my be through redis, that will leads to performance loss. And in some cases, performance loss can not be beared.

Server Redundancy The state of server can be synchronized to another redundant server via logs for a backup, but there may be momentary data loss problems while server switching, such data lost does nothing in some application cases, but it may cause severe data inconsistencies in other application cases.

Stateful high availability is very hard to implement, pinus v0.5 provides a high availablity mechanism, it introduces zookeeper and redis that can solve the high-availablity problems for some servers(eg master server), but when in actual complex application case logic can only be handled by the application itself.

Issues of Development on Native Socket

In addition to the above, the development on native socket has lots of issues too:

Low Level Abstraction Abstraction level of native socket is too low to use, many mechanisms need to be implemeted by the developer, such as session, filter, request, broadcast and so on. it is a heavy work and error-prone, and in fact it will do a lot of duplication of effort that every server will do.

Scalability Scalability depends on many aspects, including the message density, storage policies, server architecture and other factors. With the native socket to achieve high scalability, developer needs to spend a lot of effort on architecture design.

Server Monitoring and Management It is necessary to monitor the state of the servers, such as message density , online player number, machine status, network pressure and so on. It is a big work if you use the native socket to do so.

Framework-based Solution Yes, we need a framework to simplify the development of game server. Except the game logic itself, most of work can be done by a framework. server abstraction, scalability , extensibility, these problems can be addressed by the framework to avoid duplicate efforts. Also, game server framework can do some work as an application server framework, you can also treat the framework as a container, as long as throwing the code met its specification into the container, then it runs. Meanwhile, the code has the ability of abstraction, scalability, and monitoring & management capabilities naturally that the framework provides.

Existed Game Server Frameworks

There are countless web server frameworks in open source community, so is the game client framework and library, but there is few game server framework. Maybe there are some sporadic libraries, but almost no complete solution. So we had to take some commercial solutions to make a comparsion:

Sun RedDwarf RedDwarf is only one that we have found, which is a open source game server framework produced by Sun Inc. Unfortunately, it has be stopped since Sun was merged into Oracle. RedDwarf uses distributed architecture, and it invests too many efforts into distributed data storage and task management, it is so idealistic that it is very complex, for example, its implementation of dynamic task migration is very complex, but it acts a rare role in practical applications. Scalability and performance is not good too, so RedDwarf died.

SmartfoxServer SmartfoxServer is produced by gotoAndPlay() from Italy, and it is a commercial game server. It is written in java and looks like a web application server such as Tomcat. Smartfox supports a variety of client platforms, and there are some successful application cases. Its implementation of server abstraction and monitoring & management of servers is perfect. But it behaves not well on scalability, although Smartfox also supports cluster mode, but it is based on jvm memory replication. It doesn't support traditional MMORPG partitioning solution. Smartfox has free version, but it is not open-source-ed. And its free version (limit on number of online users) aims to attract developers to buy its paid version. A paid version (no limit on online users) price has reached $3500.

BigWorld Bigworld is produced by Bigworld Technology from Australia. It is a full 3D MMORPG game development solution, including client side and server side. Bigworld is very powerful, it does a lot of work on dynamic load balancing and fault tolerance. Scalability is also very powerful. Its disadvantage is too heavyweight and the price is very expensive. Bigworld is designed for large 3D MMORPG game, but it is not suitable to small and medium sized game development.

Pinus Solution

With situation of market of current game server framework that there is no suitable framework for small and medium game development, we launched the pinus framework, which is an open source framework using the MIT open source license based on node.js. It aims to provide a high-performance , scalable, lightweight game server framework. Actually, it solves the difficulties in game server development and makes game server development more easier. Comparing to other similar frameworks, its main advantages are shown as follows:

Development on pinus is rapid and approachable based on the principle of convention over configuration, that makes the code to be simplifed. High scalability and extensibility the framework architecture provides makes it be very convenient to scale and extend the applications. Lightweight, although pinus has a distributed architecture, it can start very quickly with little resource requiring. Comprehensive reference, pinus provides not only complete documentation, but also a complete MMO demo (client uses HTML5), which can serve as a powerful reference to developer. Why Node.js

After talking about so many difficulties in distributed development, it is well-reasoned to introduce node.js. it can solve many difficulties in distributed development because of its native asynchronous programming model:

Native Distribution The reason why node.js was called node is that it supports multi-process development model natively, and multiple nodes(processes) communicate and intertwine with each other can be a distributed system. Its programming mode is asynchronous, two-phase commit for transaction, asynchronous operation and other works that seems complex are supported natively in node.js.

Single-threaded Application Model Single-threaded application model node.js provides is powerful than other languages, and it is most simplest to handle the game logic using single-threaded model with avoiding the deadlock and lock race, and it is not error-prone.

Network IO & Scalability Game servers are IO-intensive applications, so node.js is the most suitable as it uses an event-driven, non-blocking IO model. Node.js introduces high level abstraction for network programming that makes it easy to do network programming. Meanwhile, it is easy to build a scalable application using node.js.

Language Advantage Javascript is becoming an important language now, Developing in Javascript can obtain rapid iteration. Its simplicity and lightweight can increase development efficiency. Also, Sharing source code between server-side and client-side comes to be possible for some kind of the client platforms, such as html5 or unity3d which supports javascript for client development. In addition, dynamic typing javascript provides can bring a lot of convenience for framework design, such as design of DSL and implementing convention over configuration. Although it is somewhat not better than Ruby, it is good enough to use in the pinus framework.

From Game to Real-time Applications After finising the analysis of design goals of pinus, we find that the core framework is not specific to game server but a general real-time application framework. The demo chat provided is a real-time application. Indeed, pinus has been used in many non-gaming field. The message push server produced by node-pinus is developed based on pinus, which supports the message pushing to mobile clients and web clients for some Apps produced by node-pinus, and now it has been on-line.

Summary In this section, we have analyzed the characteristics of game server first, and conclude it is more difficult to develope a game server than web server because of its complexity. We present deficiencies of some existed game server framework and explain how pinus to solve it. We also introduce design motivation and goals of pinus simply. The Next is pinus framework overview.