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RS5M: a large-scale vision language dataset for remote sensing [TGRS]

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RS5M and GeoRSCLIP: A Large Scale Vision-Language Dataset and A Vision-Language Foundation Model for Remote Sensing

RS5M Dataset

Pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs) utilizing extensive image-text paired data have demonstrated unprecedented image-text association capabilities, achieving remarkable results across various downstream tasks. A critical challenge is how to make use of existing large-scale pre-trained VLMs, which are trained on common objects, to perform the domain-specific transfer for accomplishing domain-related downstream tasks. In this paper, we propose a new framework that includes the Domain pre-trained Vision-Language Model (DVLM), bridging the gap between the General Vision-Language Model (GVLM) and domain-specific downstream tasks. Moreover, we present an image-text paired dataset in the field of remote sensing (RS), RS5M, which has 5 million RS images with English descriptions. The dataset is obtained from filtering publicly available image-text paired datasets and captioning label-only RS datasets with pre-trained VLM. These constitute the first large-scale RS image-text paired dataset. Additionally, we fine-tuned the CLIP model and tried several Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning methods on RS5M to implement the DVLM. Experimental results show that our proposed dataset is highly effective for various tasks, and our model GeoRSCLIP improves upon the baseline or previous state-of-the-art model by 3% ～ 20% in Zero-shot Classification (ZSC) tasks, 3% ～ 6% in Remote Sensing Cross-Modal Text–Image Retrieval (RSCTIR) and 4% ～ 5% in Semantic Localization (SeLo) tasks.

teaser

GeoRSCLIP Model

Installation

  • Install Pytorch following instructions from the official website (We tested in torch 2.0.1 with CUDA 11.8 and 2.1.0 with CUDA 12.1)
  pip install torch==2.0.1 torchvision==0.15.2 torchaudio==2.0.2 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu118
  • Install other dependencies
  pip install pillow pandas scikit-learn ftfy tqdm matplotlib transformers adapter-transformers open_clip_torch pycocotools timm clip-benchmark torch-rs

Usage

git clone https://huggingface.co/Zilun/GeoRSCLIP
cd GeoRSCLIP
  • Unzip the test data
unzip data/rs5m_test_data.zip
  • Run the inference script:
  python codebase/inference.py --ckpt-path /your/local/path/to/RS5M_ViT-B-32.pt --test-dataset-dir /your/local/path/to/rs5m_test_data
  • (Optional) If you just want to load the GeoRSCLIP model:
  import open_clip
  import torch
  from inference_tool import get_preprocess


  ckpt_path = "/your/local/path/to/RS5M_ViT-B-32.pt"
  model, _, _ = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms("ViT-B/32", pretrained="openai")
  checkpoint = torch.load(ckpt_path, map_location="cpu")
  msg = model.load_state_dict(checkpoint, strict=False)
  model = model.to("cuda")
  img_preprocess = get_preprocess(
        image_resolution=224,
  )
  import open_clip
  import torch
  from inference_tool import get_preprocess

  ckpt_path = "/your/local/path/to/RS5M_ViT-H-14.pt"
  model, _, _ = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms("ViT-H/14", pretrained="laion2b_s32b_b79k")
  checkpoint = torch.load(ckpt_path, map_location="cpu")
  msg = model.load_state_dict(checkpoint, strict=False)
  model = model.to("cuda")
  img_preprocess = get_preprocess(
        image_resolution=224,
  )

Experiment Result

  • All tasks

    EuroSAT_acc RESISC45_acc AID_acc retrieval-image2text-R@1-rsitmd retrieval-image2text-R@5-rsitmd retrieval-image2text-R@10-rsitmd retrieval-text2image-R@1-rsitmd retrieval-text2image-R@5-rsitmd retrieval-text2image-R@10-rsitmd retrieval-mean-recall-rsitmd retrieval-image2text-R@1-rsicd retrieval-image2text-R@5-rsicd retrieval-image2text-R@10-rsicd retrieval-text2image-R@1-rsicd retrieval-text2image-R@5-rsicd retrieval-text2image-R@10-rsicd retrieval-mean-recall-rsicd Selo_Rsu Selo_Rda Selo_Ras Selo_Rmi
    GeoRSCLIP-ViTB32 61.40 72.74 74.42 17.92 34.96 46.02 14.12 41.46 57.52 35.33 12.17 28.45 38.61 9.31 26.51 41.28 26.06 0.755636 0.730925 0.258044 0.744670
    GeoRSCLIP-ViTH14 67.47 73.83 76.33 23.45 42.92 53.32 18.01 44.60 59.96 40.38 14.27 29.55 40.44 11.38 30.80 44.41 28.48 0.759515 0.741806 0.256649 0.749430

  • RSCTIR Task

    • RSICD Test set

      Method Paradigm Tuned on R@1 (I2T) R@5 (I2T) R@10 (I2T) R@1 (T2I) R@5 (T2I) R@10 (T2I) mR
      LW-MCR Supervised RSICD 3.29% 12.52% 19.93% 4.66% 17.51% 30.02% 14.66%
      VSE++ Supervised RSICD 3.38% 9.51% 17.46% 2.82% 11.32% 18.10% 10.43%
      AFMFN Supervised RSICD 5.39% 15.08% 23.40% 4.90% 18.28% 31.44% 16.42%
      KCR Supervised RSICD 5.84% 22.31% 36.12% 4.76% 18.59% 27.20% 19.14%
      GaLR Supervised RSICD 6.59% 19.85% 31.04% 4.69% 19.48% 32.13% 18.96%
      SWAN Supervised RSICD 7.41% 20.13% 30.86% 5.56% 22.26% 37.41% 20.61%
      HVSA Supervised RSICD 7.47% 20.62% 32.11% 5.51% 21.13% 34.13% 20.16%
      PIR Supervised RSICD 9.88% 27.26% 39.16% 6.97% 24.56% 38.92% 24.46%
      FAAMI Supervised RSICD 10.44% 22.66% 30.89% 8.11% 25.59% 41.37% 23.18%
      Multilanguage Supervised RSICD 10.70% 29.64% 41.53% 9.14% 28.96% 44.59% 27.42%
      PE-RSITR GVLM + FT RSICD 14.13% 31.51% 44.78% 11.63% 33.92% 50.73% 31.12%
      MTGFE Supervised RSICD 15.28% 37.05% 51.60% 8.67% 27.56% 43.92% 30.68%
      RemoteCLIP GVLM + FT RET-3 + DET-10 + SEG-4 17.02% 37.97% 51.51% 13.71% 37.11% 54.25% 35.26%
      CLIP-Baseline GVLM - 5.31% 14.18% 23.70% 5.78% 17.73% 27.76% 15.74%
      GeoRSCLIP-FT GVLM + FT RS5M + RSICD 22.14% 40.53% 51.78% 15.26% 40.46% 57.79% 38.00%
      GeoRSCLIP-FT GVLM + FT RS5M + RET-2 21.13% 41.72% 55.63% 15.59% 41.19% 57.99% 38.87%

    • RSITMD test set

      Method Paradigm Tuned on R@1 (I2T) R@5 (I2T) R@10 (I2T) R@1 (T2I) R@5 (T2I) R@10 (T2I) mR
      LW-MCR Supervised RSITMD 10.18% 28.98% 39.82% 7.79% 30.18% 49.78% 27.79%
      VSE++ Supervised RSITMD 10.38% 27.65% 39.60% 7.79% 24.87% 38.67% 24.83%
      AFMFN Supervised RSITMD 11.06% 29.20% 38.72% 9.96% 34.03% 52.96% 29.32%
      HVSA Supervised RSITMD 13.20% 32.08% 45.58% 11.43% 39.20% 57.45% 33.15%
      SWAN Supervised RSITMD 13.35% 32.15% 46.90% 11.24% 40.40% 60.60% 34.11%
      GaLR Supervised RSITMD 14.82% 31.64% 42.48% 11.15% 36.68% 51.68% 31.41%
      FAAMI Supervised RSITMD 16.15% 35.62% 48.89% 12.96% 42.39% 59.96% 35.99%
      MTGFE Supervised RSITMD 17.92% 40.93% 53.32% 16.59% 48.50% 67.43% 40.78%
      PIR Supervised RSITMD 18.14% 41.15% 52.88% 12.17% 41.68% 63.41% 38.24%
      Multilanguage Supervised RSITMD 19.69% 40.26% 54.42% 17.61% 49.73% 66.59% 41.38%
      PE-RSITR GVLM + FT RSITMD 23.67% 44.07% 60.36% 20.10% 50.63% 67.97% 44.47%
      RemoteCLIP GVLM + FT RET-3 + DET-10 + SEG-4 27.88% 50.66% 65.71% 22.17% 56.46% 73.41% 49.38%
      CLIP-Baseline GVLM - 9.51% 23.01% 32.74% 8.81% 27.88% 43.19% 24.19%
      GeoRSCLIP-FT GVLM + FT RS5M + RSITMD 30.09% 51.55% 63.27% 23.54% 57.52% 74.60% 50.10%
      GeoRSCLIP-FT GVLM + FT RS5M + RET-2 32.30% 53.32% 67.92% 25.04% 57.88% 74.38% 51.81%

GeoRSSD

RS5M Dataset Download (About 500GB, 128 webdataset tars)

RS5M

Geometa

MetaFile

How to use this dataset

Option 1 (Recommended)

  • We create the webdataset format files containing paired image and text for sequential data io. Do NOT untar the files.
  1. Download the webdataset files from the link provided above. The dataset directory should look like this: 
        /nas/zilun/RS5M_v5/webdataset                                                       
    ├── train                        
        ├── pub11-train-0000.tar                                                         
        ├── pub11-train-0001.tar
        ├── ......
        ├── pub11-train-0030.tar                                         
        ├── pub11-train-0031.tar
        ├── rs3-train-0000.tar                                              
        ├── rs3-train-0001.tar
        ├── ......
        ├── rs3-train-0030.tar                                              
        ├── rs3-train-0031.tar
    ├── val                        
        ├── pub11-val-0000.tar                                                         
        ├── pub11-val-0001.tar
        ├── ......
        ├── pub11-val-0030.tar                                         
        ├── pub11-val-0031.tar
        ├── rs3-val-0000.tar                                              
        ├── rs3-val-0001.tar
        ├── ......
        ├── rs3-val-0030.tar                                              
        ├── rs3-val-0031.tar
  2. An example of data IO pipeline using webdataset files is provided in "dataloader.py". The throughput (images per second) is ~1800 images per second. (With Ryzen 3950x CPU and dual-channel 3200MHZ DDR4 RAM)
  3. Run the following to have a taste: 
    python dataloader.py --train_dir /media/zilun/mx500/RS5M/data/train --val_dir /media/zilun/mx500/RS5M/data/val --num_worker 16 --batch_size 400 --num_shuffle 10000

Option 2

  • We also provide the pure image files, which could be used with the metafiles from huggingface. Due to the huge amount of the image data, an SSD drive is recommended.
  1. Download the files from the Dropbox link or Baidu disk link provided. The dataset directory should look like this: 
        /nas/zilun/RS5M_v5/img_only                                                      
    ├── pub11                        
        ├── pub11.tar.gz_aa                                                       
        ├── pub11.tar.gz_ab
        ├── ......
        ├── pub11.tar.gz_ba                                              
        ├── pub11.tar.gz_bc
    ├── rs3                        
        ├── ben
            ├── ben.tar.gz_aa                                       
        ├── fmow
            ├── fmow.tar.gz_aa
            ├── fmow.tar.gz_ab
            ├── ......
            ├── fmow.tar.gz_ap
            ├── fmow.tar.gz_aq
        ├── millionaid
            ├── millionaid.tar.gz_aa
            ├── millionaid.tar.gz_ab
            ├── ......
            ├── millionaid.tar.gz_ap
            ├── millionaid.tar.gz_aq
  2. Combine and untar the files. You will have the images files now. 
     # optional, for split and zip the dataset
 tar -I pigz -cvf - pub11 | split --bytes=500MB - pub11.tar.gz_

 # combine different parts into one
 cat pub11.tar.gz_* > pub11.tar

 # extract
 pigz -dc pub11.tar | tar -xvf - -C /data/zilun/RS5M_v5/img_only/

Statistics

PUB11 Subset

Name Amount After Keyword Filtering Download Image Invalid Image (Removed) Duplicate Image (Removed) Outlier images (Removed by VLM and RS Detector) Remain
LAION2B 2.3B 1,980,978 1,737,584 102 343,017 333,686 1,060,779
COYO700M 746M 680,089 566,076 28 245,650 94,329 226,069
LAIONCOCO 662M 3,014,283 2,549,738 80 417,689 527,941 1,604,028
LAION400M 413M 286,102 241,324 25 141,658 23,860 75,781
WIT 37 M 98,540 93,754 0 74,081 9,299 10,374
YFCC15M 15M 27,166 25,020 0 265 15,126 9,629
CC12M 12M 18,892 16,234 0 1,870 4,330 10,034
Redcaps 12M 2,842 2,686 0 228 972 1,486
CC3M 3.3M 12,563 11,718 1 328 1,817 9,572
SBU 1M 102 91 0 4 36 51
VG 0.1M 26 26 0 0 20 6
Total 4.2B 6,121,583 5,244,251 236 1,224,790 1,011,416 3,007,809

RS3 Subset

Name Amount Original Split Has Class label
FMoW 727,144 Train Yes
BigEarthNet 344,385 Train Yes
MillionAID 990,848 Test No
Total 2,062,377 - -

Geo-Statistics

  • Statistics of geometa for images contain the UTM zone, latitude, and longitude information.

    • YFCC14M: 7841
    • FMoW: 727,144
    • BigEarthNet: 344,385

    teaser

  • Extract entity with "GPE" label using NER from NLTK

    • Applied to captions in PUB11 subset
    • Extraction Result
    • 880,354 image-text pairs contain "GPE", and most of them are city/country names.

BLIP2 fine-tuned with RSITMD dataset

  • Tuned with LoRA
  • Checkpoint and inference code can be found through this link

Image-Text Pair Rating Tool

Awesome Remote Sensing Vision-Language Models & Papers

Contact

Email: zilun.zhang@zju.edu.cn

WeChat: zilun960822

Slack Group: https://join.slack.com/t/visionlanguag-fks1990/shared_invite/zt-290vxhx5y-SUkCzf2aH3G9eu3lye2YvQ

Acknowledgement

We thank Delong Chen and his ITRA framework for helping us fine-tune the CLIP-like models. https://itra.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Contents/introduction/overview.html

BibTeX Citation

If you use RS5M or GeoRSCLIP in a research paper, we would appreciate using the following citations:

@ARTICLE{10679571,
  author={Zhang, Zilun and Zhao, Tiancheng and Guo, Yulong and Yin, Jianwei},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing}, 
  title={RS5M and GeoRSCLIP: A Large Scale Vision-Language Dataset and A Large Vision-Language Model for Remote Sensing}, 
  year={2024},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={1-1},
  keywords={Remote sensing;Data models;Visualization;Semantics;Tuning;Location awareness;Computational modeling;Image-text Paired Dataset;Remote Sensing;Vision-Language Model;Parameter Efficient Tuning;General Vision-Language Model;Domain Vision-Language Model;Remote Sensing Cross-Modal Text–Image Retrieval;Zero-shot Classification;Semantic Localization},
  doi={10.1109/TGRS.2024.3449154}
}

Some other citations:

@article{Long2021DiRS,
  title={On Creating Benchmark Dataset for Aerial Image Interpretation: Reviews, Guidances and Million-AID},
  author={Yang Long and Gui-Song Xia and Shengyang Li and Wen Yang and Michael Ying Yang and Xiao Xiang Zhu and Liangpei Zhang and Deren Li},
  journal={IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing},
  year={2021},
  volume={14},
  pages={4205-4230}
}

@inproceedings{Sumbul_2019,
  title={Bigearthnet: A Large-Scale Benchmark Archive for Remote Sensing Image Understanding},
  url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2019.8900532},
  DOI={10.1109/igarss.2019.8900532},
  booktitle={IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium},
  publisher={IEEE},
  author={Sumbul, Gencer and Charfuelan, Marcela and Demir, Begum and Markl, Volker},
  year={2019},
  month=jul
}

@inproceedings{fmow2018,
  title={Functional Map of the World},
  author={Christie, Gordon and Fendley, Neil and Wilson, James and Mukherjee, Ryan},
  booktitle={CVPR},
  year={2018}
}

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RS5M: a large-scale vision language dataset for remote sensing [TGRS]

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