- Object-oriented programming (OOP) views a problem as a collection of objects that interact, much like real-world entities such as cars, persons, or bank accounts. Each object represents an entity with specific properties and behaviors. For example, a car is an object with properties (color, model) and behaviors (start, stop).
Basic Data Types: Describe simple values like int, float, char, double.
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Real-life: Age (int), price (float), grade (char).
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Derived Data Types: Created from basic types, e.g., arrays, pointers, structures.
Example: Student list (array), address (structure).
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Keywords: Reserved words (e.g., int, class, if) used for language syntax.
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Identifiers: User-defined names for entities (variables, functions, classes). Example: personName, carColor.
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Constants: Fixed values, such as π in math.
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Variables: Containers for changing data, like balance in a bank account.
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Type Casting: Converting one data type to another (e.g., int to float). Example: Rounding rupees to whole numbers.
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Operators: Used for operations (arithmetic, logical, relational).
Example: salary + bonus.
- Operator Precedence: Rules that determine order of operations (multiplication before addition).
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if Statement: Decides based on a condition. Example: If temperature > 30°C, turn on AC.
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switch-case: Selects among multiple choices. Example: Menu selection in a restaurant.
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for, while, do-while loops: Repeat tasks. For example, for loop counting days in a month; while loop checking machine status; do-while ensuring a task runs at least once.
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break and continue: Control loop execution (break exits, continue skips to next iteration).
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Class A class is a blueprint/template for objects. Real-life example: The concept “Car” is a class; actual cars (Honda, BMW) are objects.
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Object Objects are instances of classes, representing unique things. For example, a bank account object has its own account number and balance.
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Encapsulation Wrapping data and methods together, protecting the data. Banking system uses encapsulation: account details are hidden; only authorized operations can access them.
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Abstraction Showing only essential features, hiding complexity. For instance, when driving a car, only gears and speed are visible, not internal engine details.
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Data Hiding Similar to encapsulation, keeps data safe from outside interference. For example, passwords are hidden in a web application.
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Polymorphism One function or operator performs multiple roles. For example, a remote's “power” button can turn on a TV, fan, or AC based on context.
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Inheritance Objects acquire properties from other objects. For example, a “SportsCar” class inherits features of the “Car” class but adds its own unique features.