withr - run code ‘with’ modified state

Overview

A set of functions to run code with safely and temporarily modified global state, withr makes working with the global state, i.e. side effects, less error-prone.

Pure functions, such as the sum() function, are easy to understand and reason about: they always map the same input to the same output and have no other impact on the workspace. In other words, pure functions have no side effects: they are not affected by, nor do they affect, the global state in any way apart from the value they return.

The behavior of some functions is affected by the global state. Consider the read.csv() function: it takes a filename as an input and returns the contents as an output. In this case, the output depends on the contents of the file; i.e. the output is affected by the global state. Functions like this deal with side effects.

The purpose of the withr package is to help you manage side effects in your code. You may want to run code with secret information, such as an API key, that you store as an environment variable. You may also want to run code with certain options, with a given random-seed, or with a particular working-directory.

The withr package helps you manage these situations, and more, by providing functions to modify the global state temporarily, and safely. These functions modify one of the global settings for duration of a block of code, then automatically reset it after the block is completed.

Installation

#Install the latest version with:
install.packages("withr")

Many of these functions were originally a part of the devtools package, this provides a simple package with limited dependencies to provide access to these functions.

• with_collate() / local_collate() - collation order
• with_dir() / local_dir() - working directory
• with_envvar() / local_envvar() - environment variables
• with_libpaths() / local_libpaths() - library paths
• with_locale() / local_locale() - any locale setting
• with_makevars() / local_makevars() / set_makevars() - makevars variables
• with_options() / local_options() - options
• with_par() / local_par() - graphics parameters
• with_path() / local_path() - PATH environment variable
• with_*() and local_*() functions for the built in R devices, bmp, cairo_pdf, cairo_ps, pdf, postscript, svg, tiff, xfig, png, jpeg.
• with_connection() / local_connection() - R file connections
• with_db_connection() / local_db_connection() - DB conections
• with_package() / local_package(), with_namespace() / local_namespace() and with_environment() / local_environment() - to run code with modified object search paths.
• with_tempfile() / local_tempfile() - create and clean up a temp file.
• with_file() / local_file() - create and clean up a normal file.
• with_message_sink() / local_message_sink() - divert message
• with_output_sink() / local_output_sink() - divert output
• with_preserve_seed() / with_seed()- specify seeds
• with_temp_libpaths() / local_temp_libpaths() - library paths
• defer() / defer_parent() - defer
• with_timezone() / local_timezone() - timezones
• with_rng_version() / local_rng_version() - random number generation version

Usage

There are two sets of functions, those prefixed with with_ and those with local_. The former reset their state as soon as the code argument has been evaluated. The latter reset when they reach the end of their scope, usually at the end of a function body.

par("col" = "black")
my_plot <- function(new) {
  with_par(list(col = "red", pch = 19),
    plot(mtcars$hp, mtcars$wt)
  )
  par("col")
}
my_plot()

#> [1] "black"
par("col")
#> [1] "black"

f <- function(x) {
  local_envvar(c("WITHR" = 2))
  Sys.getenv("WITHR")
}

f()
#> [1] "2"
Sys.getenv("WITHR")
#> [1] ""

There are also with_() and local_() functions to construct new with_* and local_* functions if needed.

Sys.getenv("WITHR")
#> [1] ""
with_envvar(c("WITHR" = 2), Sys.getenv("WITHR"))
#> [1] "2"
Sys.getenv("WITHR")
#> [1] ""

with_envvar(c("A" = 1),
  with_envvar(c("A" = 2), action = "suffix", Sys.getenv("A"))
)
#> [1] "1 2"

See Also

• Devtools