- Setting up the logic for USSD is easy with the Africa's Talking API. This is a guide to how to use the code provided on this repository to create a USSD that allows users to get registered and then access a menu of the following services:
| USSD APP Features |
|---|
| Request to get a call from support |
| Deposit Money to user's account |
| Withdraw money from users account |
| Send money from users account to another |
| Repay loan |
| Buy Airtime |
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clone/download the project into the directory of your choice
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Create a .env file on your root directory
$ cp .env_example .env
Be sure to substitute the example variables with your credentials
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To install using docker, run
$ docker-compose up -b 8080:8000This will start your application on port 8080
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Create a virtual environment
$ python3 -m venv venv $ . venv/bin/activate -
Install the project's dependancies
$ pip install requirements.txt -
Configure your flask path
$ export FLASK_APP=manage.py -
Initialise your database
$ flask initdb -
Launch application
$ flask run -
Head to https://localhost:5000
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You need to set up on the sandbox and create a USSD channel that you will use to test by dialing into it via our simulator.
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Assuming that you are doing your development on a localhost, you have to expose your application living in the webroot of your localhost to the internet via a tunneling application like Ngrok. Otherwise, if your server has a public IP, you are good to go! Your URL callback for this demo will become: http:///MfUSSD/microfinanceUSSD.php
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This application has been developed on an Ubuntu 16.04LTS and lives in the web root at /var/www/html/MfUSSD. Courtesy of Ngrok, the publicly accessible url is: https://49af2317.ngrok.io (instead of http://localhost) which is referenced in the code as well. (Create your own which will be different.)
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The webhook or callback to this application therefore becomes: https://49af2317.ngrok.io/api/v1.1/ussd/callback. To allow the application to talk to the Africa's Talking USSD gateway, this callback URL is placed in the dashboard, under ussd callbacks here.
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Finally, this application works with a connection to an sqlite database. This is the default database shipped with python, however its recomended switching to a proper database when deploying the application. Also create a session_levels table and a users table. These details are configured in the models.py and this is required in the main application script app/apiv2/views.py
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| id | int(6) | YES | NULL | ||
| name | varchar(30) | YES | NULL | ||
| phonenumber | varchar(20) | YES | NULL | ||
| city | varchar(30) | YES | NULL | ||
| validation | varchar(30) | YES | NULL | ||
| reg_date | timestamp | NO | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
- The application uses redis for session management. User sessions are stored as key value pairs in redis.
This USSD application has the following user journey.
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The user dials the ussd code - something like
*384*303# -
The application checks if the user is registered or not. If the user is registered, the services menu is served which allows the user to: receive SMS, receive a call with an IVR menu.
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In case the user is not registered, the application prompts the user for their name and city (with validations), before successfully serving the services menu.
This documentation is for the USSD application that lives in https://49af2317.ngrok.io/api/v1.1/ussd/callback.
- The applications entrypoint is at
app/ussd/views.py
#1. This code only runs after a post request from AT
@ussd.route('/ussd/callback', methods=['POST'])
def ussd_callback():
"""
Handles post call back from AT
:return:
"""Import all the necessary scripts to run this application
# 2. Import all neccesary modules
from flask import g, make_response
from app.models import AnonymousUser
from . import ussd
from .airtime import Airtime
from .deposit import Deposit
from .home import LowerLevelMenu
from .register import RegistrationMenu
from .withdraw import WithDrawalReceive the HTTP POST from AT. app/ussd/decorators.py
We will use a decorator that hooks on to the application request, to query and initialize session metadata stored in redis.
# 3. get data from ATs post payload
session_id = request.values.get("sessionId", None)
phone_number = request.values.get("phoneNumber", None)
text = request.values.get("text", "default")The AT USSD gateway keeps chaining the user response. We want to grab the latest input from a string like 112
text_array = text.split("*")
user_response = text_array[len(text_array) - 1]Interactions with the user can be managed using the received sessionId and a level management process that your application implements as follows.
- The USSD session has a set time limit(20-180 secs based on provider) under which the sessionId does not change. Using this sessionId, it is easy to navigate your user across the USSD menus by graduating their level(menu step) so that you dont serve them the same menu or lose track of where the user is.
- Query redis for the user's session level using the sessionID as the key. If this exists, the user is returning and they therefore have a stored level. Grab that level and serve that user the right menu. Otherwise, serve the user the home menu.
- The session metadata is stored in flask's
gglobal variable to allow for access within the current request context.
# 4. Query session metadata from redis or initialize a new session for this user if the session does not exist
# get session
session = redis.get(session_id)
if session is None:
session = {"level": 0, "session_id": session_id}
redis.set(session_id, json.dumps(session))
else:
session = json.loads(session.decode())
# add user, response and session to the request variable g
g.user_response = text_array[len(text_array) - 1]
g.session = session
g.current_user = user
g.phone_number = phone_number
g.session_id = session_id
return func(*args, **kwargs)Before serving the menu, check if the incoming phone number request belongs to a registered user(sort of a login). If they are registered, they can access the menu, otherwise, they should first register.
app/ussd/views.py
# 5. Check if the user is in the db
session_id = g.session_id
user = g.current_user
session = g.session
user_response = g.user_response
if isinstance(user, AnonymousUser):
# register user
menu = RegistrationMenu(session_id=session_id, session=session, phone_number=g.phone_number,
user_response=user_response, user=user)
return menu.execute()If the user is available and all their mandatory fields are complete, then the application switches between their responses to figure out which menu to serve. The first menu is usually a result of receiving a blank text -- the user just dialed in.
# 7. Serve the Services Menu
if level < 2:
menu = LowerLevelMenu(session_id=session_id, session=session, phone_number=g.phone_number,
user_response=user_response, user=user)
return menu.execute()
if level >= 50:
menu = Deposit(session_id=session_id, session=session, phone_number=g.phone_number,
user_response=user_response, user=user, level=level)
return menu.execute()
if level >= 40:
menu = WithDrawal(session_id=session_id, session=session, phone_number=g.phone_number,
user_response=user_response, user=user, level=level)
return menu.execute()
if level >= 10:
menu = Airtime(session_id=session_id, session=session, phone_number=g.phone_number, user_response=user_response,
user=user, level=level)
return menu.execute()
If the user is not registered, we use the users level - purely to take the user through the registration process. We also enclose the logic in a condition that prevents the user from sending empty responses.
if isinstance(user, AnonymousUser):
# register user
menu = RegistrationMenu(session_id=session_id, session=session, phone_number=g.phone_number,
user_response=user_response, user=user)
return menu.execute()
- The voice service included in this script requires a few juggling acts and probably requires a short review of its own. When the user requests a to get a call, the following happens. a) The script at https://49af2317.ngrok.io/api/v1.1/ussd/callback requests the call() method through the Africa's Talking Voice Gateway, passing the number to be called and the caller/dialer Id. The call is made and it comes into the users phone. When they answer isActive becomes 1.
def please_call(self):
# call the user and bridge to a sales person
menu_text = "END Please wait while we place your call.\n"
# make a call
caller = current_app.config["AT_NUMBER"]
to = self.user.phone_number
# create a new instance of our awesome gateway
gateway = AfricasTalkingGateway(
current_app.config["AT_USERNAME"], current_app.config["AT_APIKEY"])
try:
gateway.call(caller, to)
except AfricasTalkingGateway as e:
print "Encountered an error when calling: {}".format(str(e))
# print the response on to the page so that our gateway can read it
return respond(menu_text) case "2":b) As a result, Africa's Talking gateway check the callback for the voice number in this case +254703554404. c) The callback is a route on our views.py file whose URL is: https://49af2317.ngrok.io/api/v1.1/voice/callback d) The instructions are to respond with a text to speech message for the user to enter dtmf digits.
@ussd.route('/voice/callback', methods=['POST'])
def voice_callback():
"""
voice_callback from AT's gateway is handled here
"""
sessionId = request.get('sessionId')
isActive = request.get('isActive')
if isActive == "1":
callerNumber = request.get('callerNumber')
# GET values from the AT's POST request
session_id = request.values.get("sessionId", None)
isActive = request.values.get('isActive')
serviceCode = request.values.get("serviceCode", None)
text = request.values.get("text", "default")
text_array = text.split("*")
user_response = text_array[len(text_array) - 1]
# Compose the response
menu_text = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>'
menu_text += '<Response>'
menu_text += '<GetDigits timeout="30" finishOnKey="#" callbackUrl="https://49af2317.ngrok.io/api/v1.1/voice/callback">'
menu_text += '<Say>"Thank you for calling. Press 0 to talk to sales, 1 to talk to support or 2 to hear this message again."</Say>'
menu_text += '</GetDigits>'
menu_text += '<Say>"Thank you for calling. Good bye!"</Say>'
menu_text += '</Response>'
# Print the response onto the page so that our gateway can read it
return respond(menu_text)
else:
# Read in call details (duration, cost). This flag is set once the call is completed.
# Note that the gateway does not expect a response in thie case
duration = request.get('durationInSeconds')
currencyCode = request.get('currencyCode')
amount = request.get('amount')
# You can then store this information in the database for your records e) When the user enters the digit - in this case 0, 1 or 2, this digit is submitted to another route also in our views.py file which lives at https://49af2317.ngrok.io/api/v1.1/voice/menu and which switches between the various dtmf digits to make an outgoing call to the right recipient, who will be bridged to speak to the person currently listening to music on hold. We specify this music with the ringtone flag as follows: ringbackTone="url_to/static/media/SautiFinaleMoney.mp3"
@ussd.route('/voice/menu')
def voice_menu():
"""
When the user enters the digit - in this case 0, 1 or 2, this route
switches between the various dtmf digits to
make an outgoing call to the right recipient, who will be
bridged to speak to the person currently listening to music on hold.
We specify this music with the ringtone flag as follows:
ringbackTone="url_to/static/media/SautiFinaleMoney.mp3"
"""
# 1. Receive POST from AT
isActive = request.get('isActive')
callerNumber = request.get('callerNumber')
dtmfDigits = request.get('dtmfDigits')
sessionId = request.get('sessionId')
# Check if isActive=1 to act on the call or isActive=='0' to store the
# result
if (isActive == '1'):
# 2a. Switch through the DTMFDigits
if (dtmfDigits == "0"):
# Compose response - talk to sales-
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>'
response += '<Response>'
response += '<Say>Please hold while we connect you to Sales.</Say>'
response += '<Dial phoneNumbers="880.welovenerds@ke.sip.africastalking.com" ringbackTone="{}"/>'.format(url_for('media', path='SautiFinaleMoney.mp3'))
response += '</Response>'
# Print the response onto the page so that our gateway can read it
return respond(response)
elif (dtmfDigits == "1"):
# 2c. Compose response - talk to support-
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>'
response += '<Response>'
response += '<Say>Please hold while we connect you to Support.</Say>'
response += '<Dial phoneNumbers="880.welovenerds@ke.sip.africastalking.com" ringbackTone="{}"/>'.format(url_for('media', path='SautiFinaleMoney.mp3'))
response += '</Response>'
# Print the response onto the page so that our gateway can read it
return respond(response)
elif (dtmfDigits == "2"):
# 2d. Redirect to the main IVR-
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>'
response += '<Response>'
response += '<Redirect>{}</Redirect>'.format(url_for('voice_callback'))
response += '</Response>'
# Print the response onto the page so that our gateway can read it
return respond(response)
else:
# 2e. By default talk to support
response = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>'
response += '<Response>'
response += '<Say>Please hold while we connect you to Support.</Say>'
response += '<Dial phoneNumbers="880.welovenerds@ke.sip.africastalking.com" ringbackTone="{}"/>'.format(url_for('media', path='SautiFinaleMoney.mp3'))
response += '</Response>'
# Print the response onto the page so that our gateway can read it
return respond(response)
else:
# 3. Store the data from the POST
durationInSeconds = request.get('durationInSeconds')
direction = request.get('direction')
amount = request.get('amount')
callerNumber = request.get('callerNumber')
destinationNumber = request.get('destinationNumber')
sessionId = request.get('sessionId')
callStartTime = request.get('callStartTime')
isActive = request.get('isActive')
currencyCode = request.get('currencyCode')
status = request.get('status')
# 3a. Store the data, write your SQL statements here-When the agent/person picks up, the conversation can go on.
- That is basically our application! Happy coding!