[Backport maintenance/3.3.x] fix: handle for-loop variable shadowing correctly

[pylint-backport]

Backport ed6b306 from #10569.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 95.84%. Comparing base (6cf727c) to head (28a0b90).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on maintenance/3.3.x.

Additional details and impacted files

@@                Coverage Diff                 @@
##           maintenance/3.3.x   #10571   +/-   ##
==================================================
  Coverage              95.84%   95.84%           
==================================================
  Files                    174      174           
  Lines                  19024    19027    +3     
==================================================
+ Hits                   18234    18237    +3     
  Misses                   790      790           

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
pylint/checkers/variables.py	97.28% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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