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Security features like authentication are not enabled by default. When deploying a cluster that is open to the internet or an untrusted network, it's important to secure access to the cluster to prevent unauthorized applications from running on the cluster.

Spark supports multiple deployments types and each one supports different levels of security. Not all deployment types will be secure in all environments and none are secure by default. Be sure to evaluate your environment, what Spark supports, and take the appropriate measure to secure your Spark deployment.

There are many different types of security concerns. Spark does not necessarily protect against all things. Listed below are some of the things Spark supports. Also check the deployment documentation for the type of deployment you are using for deployment specific settings. Anything not documented, Spark does not support.

Spark currently supports authentication for RPC channels using a shared secret. Authentication can be turned on by setting the spark.authenticate configuration parameter.

The exact mechanism used to generate and distribute the shared secret is deployment-specific. Unless specified below, the secret must be defined by setting the spark.authenticate.secret config option. The same secret is shared by all Spark applications and daemons in that case, which limits the security of these deployments, especially on multi-tenant clusters.

The REST Submission Server supports HTTP Authorization header with a cryptographically signed JSON Web Token via JWSFilter. To enable authorization, Spark Master should have spark.master.rest.filters=org.apache.spark.ui.JWSFilter and spark.org.apache.spark.ui.JWSFilter.param.secretKey=BASE64URL-ENCODED-KEY configurations, and client should provide HTTP Authorization header which contains JSON Web Token signed by the shared secret key. Please note that this feature requires a Spark distribution built with jjwt profile.

For Spark on YARN, Spark will automatically handle generating and distributing the shared secret. Each application will use a unique shared secret. In the case of YARN, this feature relies on YARN RPC encryption being enabled for the distribution of secrets to be secure.

On Kubernetes, Spark will also automatically generate an authentication secret unique to each application. The secret is propagated to executor pods using environment variables. This means that any user that can list pods in the namespace where the Spark application is running can also see their authentication secret. Access control rules should be properly set up by the Kubernetes admin to ensure that Spark authentication is secure.

Alternatively, one can mount authentication secrets using files and Kubernetes secrets that the user mounts into their pods.

Note that when using files, Spark will not mount these files into the containers for you. It is up you to ensure that the secret files are deployed securely into your containers and that the driver's secret file agrees with the executors' secret file.

Spark supports two mutually exclusive forms of encryption for RPC connections:

The preferred method uses TLS (aka SSL) encryption via Netty's support for SSL. Enabling SSL requires keys and certificates to be properly configured. SSL is standardized and considered more secure.

The legacy method is an AES-based encryption mechanism relying on a shared secret. This requires RPC authentication to also be enabled. This method uses a bespoke protocol and it is recommended to use SSL instead.

One may prefer to use the SSL based encryption in scenarios where compliance mandates the usage of specific protocols; or to leverage the security of a more standard encryption library. However, the AES based encryption is simpler to configure and may be preferred if the only requirement is that data be encrypted in transit.

If both options are enabled in the configuration, the SSL based RPC encryption takes precedence and the AES based encryption will not be used (and a warning message will be emitted).

Spark supports SSL based encryption for RPC connections. Please refer to the SSL Configuration section below to understand how to configure it. The SSL settings are mostly similar across the UI and RPC, however there are a few additional settings which are specific to the RPC implementation. The RPC implementation uses Netty under the hood (while the UI uses Jetty), which supports a different set of options.

Unlike the other SSL settings for the UI, the RPC SSL is not automatically enabled if spark.ssl.enabled is set. It must be explicitly enabled, to ensure a safe migration path for users upgrading Spark versions.

Spark supports AES-based encryption for RPC connections. For encryption to be enabled, RPC authentication must also be enabled and properly configured. AES encryption uses the Apache Commons Crypto library, and Spark's configuration system allows access to that library's configuration for advanced users.

This legacy protocol has two mutually incompatible versions. Version 1 omits applying key derivation function (KDF) to the key exchange protocol's output, while version 2 applies a KDF to ensure that the derived session key is uniformly distributed. Version 1 is default for backward compatibility. It is recommended to use version 2 for better security properties. The version can be configured by setting spark.network.crypto.authEngineVersion to 1 or 2 respectively.

There is also support for SASL-based encryption, although it should be considered deprecated. It is still required when talking to shuffle services from Spark versions older than 2.2.0.

The following table describes the different options available for configuring this feature.

Spark supports encrypting temporary data written to local disks. This covers shuffle files, shuffle spills and data blocks stored on disk (for both caching and broadcast variables). It does not cover encrypting output data generated by applications with APIs such as saveAsHadoopFile or saveAsTable. It also may not cover temporary files created explicitly by the user.

The following settings cover enabling encryption for data written to disk:

Enabling authentication for the Web UIs is done using jakarta servlet filters. You will need a filter that implements the authentication method you want to deploy. Spark does not provide any built-in authentication filters.

Spark also supports access control to the UI when an authentication filter is present. Each application can be configured with its own separate access control lists (ACLs). Spark differentiates between "view" permissions (who is allowed to see the application's UI), and "modify" permissions (who can do things like kill jobs in a running application).

ACLs can be configured for either users or groups. Configuration entries accept comma-separated lists as input, meaning multiple users or groups can be given the desired privileges. This can be used if you run on a shared cluster and have a set of administrators or developers who need to monitor applications they may not have started themselves. A wildcard (*) added to specific ACL means that all users will have the respective privilege. By default, only the user submitting the application is added to the ACLs.

Group membership is established by using a configurable group mapping provider. The mapper is configured using the spark.user.groups.mapping config option, described in the table below.

The following options control the authentication of Web UIs:

<br />By default, a Unix shell-based implementation is used, which collects this information
from the host OS.

<br /><em>Note:</em> This implementation supports only Unix/Linux-based environments.
Windows environment is currently <b>not</b> supported. However, a new platform/protocol can
be supported by implementing the trait mentioned above.

On YARN, the view and modify ACLs are provided to the YARN service when submitting applications, and control who has the respective privileges via YARN interfaces.

Authentication for the SHS Web UI is enabled the same way as for regular applications, using servlet filters.

To enable authorization in the SHS, a few extra options are used:

The SHS uses the same options to configure the group mapping provider as regular applications. In this case, the group mapping provider will apply to all UIs server by the SHS, and individual application configurations will be ignored.

Configuration for SSL is organized hierarchically. The user can configure the default SSL settings which will be used for all the supported communication protocols unless they are overwritten by protocol-specific settings. This way the user can easily provide the common settings for all the protocols without disabling the ability to configure each one individually. Note that all settings are inherited this way, except for spark.ssl.rpc.enabled which must be explicitly set.

The following table describes the SSL configuration namespaces:

The full breakdown of available SSL options can be found below. The ${ns} placeholder should be replaced with one of the above namespaces.

  <br />The port must be defined within a specific namespace configuration. The default
  namespace is ignored when reading this configuration.

  <br />When not set, the SSL port will be derived from the non-SSL port for the
  same service. A value of "0" will make the service bind to an ephemeral port.
</td>
<td>ui,standalone,historyServer</td>

  <br />The reference list of protocols can be found in the "JSSE Cipher Suite Names" section
  of the Java security guide. The list for Java 17 can be found at
  <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/specs/security/standard-names.html#jsse-cipher-suite-names">this</a>
  page.

  <br />Note: If not set, the default cipher suite for the JRE will be used.
</td>
<td>ui,standalone,historyServer,rpc</td>

  <br />The reference list of protocols can be found in the "Additional JSSE Standard Names"
  section of the Java security guide. For Java 17, the list can be found at
  <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/17/docs/specs/security/standard-names.html#additional-jsse-standard-names">this</a>
  page.
</td>
<td>ui,standalone,historyServer,rpc</td>

Spark also supports retrieving ${ns}.keyPassword, ${ns}.keyStorePassword and ${ns}.trustStorePassword from Hadoop Credential Providers. User could store password into credential file and make it accessible by different components, like:

hadoop credential create spark.ssl.keyPassword -value password \
    -provider jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/ssl.jceks

To configure the location of the credential provider, set the hadoop.security.credential.provider.path config option in the Hadoop configuration used by Spark, like:

  <property>
    <name>hadoop.security.credential.provider.path</name>
    <value>jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/ssl.jceks</value>
  </property>

Or via SparkConf "spark.hadoop.hadoop.security.credential.provider.path=jceks://hdfs@nn1.example.com:9001/user/backup/ssl.jceks".

Key stores can be generated by keytool program. The reference documentation for this tool for Java 17 is here. The most basic steps to configure the key stores and the trust store for a Spark Standalone deployment mode is as follows:

• Generate a key pair for each node
• Export the public key of the key pair to a file on each node
• Import all exported public keys into a single trust store
• Distribute the trust store to the cluster nodes

To provide a local trust store or key store file to drivers running in cluster mode, they can be distributed with the application using the --files command line argument (or the equivalent spark.files configuration). The files will be placed on the driver's working directory, so the TLS configuration should just reference the file name with no absolute path.

Distributing local key stores this way may require the files to be staged in HDFS (or other similar distributed file system used by the cluster), so it's recommended that the underlying file system be configured with security in mind (e.g. by enabling authentication and wire encryption).

The user needs to provide key stores and configuration options for master and workers. They have to be set by attaching appropriate Java system properties in SPARK_MASTER_OPTS and in SPARK_WORKER_OPTS environment variables, or just in SPARK_DAEMON_JAVA_OPTS.

The user may allow the executors to use the SSL settings inherited from the worker process. That can be accomplished by setting spark.ssl.useNodeLocalConf to true. In that case, the settings provided by the user on the client side are not used.

Apache Spark can be configured to include HTTP headers to aid in preventing Cross Site Scripting (XSS), Cross-Frame Scripting (XFS), MIME-Sniffing, and also to enforce HTTP Strict Transport Security.

Generally speaking, a Spark cluster and its services are not deployed on the public internet. They are generally private services, and should only be accessible within the network of the organization that deploys Spark. Access to the hosts and ports used by Spark services should be limited to origin hosts that need to access the services.

However, like the REST Submission port, Spark also supports HTTP Authorization header with a cryptographically signed JSON Web Token (JWT) for all UI ports. To use it, a user needs the Spark distribution built with jjwt profile and to configure spark.ui.filters=org.apache.spark.ui.JWSFilter and spark.org.apache.spark.ui.JWSFilter.param.secretKey=BASE64URL-ENCODED-KEY.

Below are the primary ports that Spark uses for its communication and how to configure those ports.

Spark supports submitting applications in environments that use Kerberos for authentication. In most cases, Spark relies on the credentials of the current logged in user when authenticating to Kerberos-aware services. Such credentials can be obtained by logging in to the configured KDC with tools like kinit.

When talking to Hadoop-based services, Spark needs to obtain delegation tokens so that non-local processes can authenticate. Spark ships with support for HDFS and other Hadoop file systems, Hive and HBase.

When using a Hadoop filesystem (such HDFS or WebHDFS), Spark will acquire the relevant tokens for the service hosting the user's home directory.

An HBase token will be obtained if HBase is in the application's classpath, and the HBase configuration has Kerberos authentication turned (hbase.security.authentication=kerberos).

Similarly, a Hive token will be obtained if Hive is in the classpath, and the configuration includes URIs for remote metastore services (hive.metastore.uris is not empty).

If an application needs to interact with other secure Hadoop filesystems, their URIs need to be explicitly provided to Spark at launch time. This is done by listing them in the spark.kerberos.access.hadoopFileSystems property, described in the configuration section below.

Spark also supports custom delegation token providers using the Java Services mechanism (see java.util.ServiceLoader). Implementations of org.apache.spark.security.HadoopDelegationTokenProvider can be made available to Spark by listing their names in the corresponding file in the jar's META-INF/services directory.

Delegation token support is currently only supported in YARN mode. Consult the deployment-specific page for more information.

The following options provides finer-grained control for this feature:

Users can exclude Kerberos delegation token renewal at resource scheduler. Currently it is only supported on YARN. The configuration is covered in the Running Spark on YARN page.

Long-running applications may run into issues if their run time exceeds the maximum delegation token lifetime configured in services it needs to access.

This feature is not available everywhere. In particular, it's only implemented on YARN and Kubernetes (both client and cluster modes).

Spark supports automatically creating new tokens for these applications. There are two ways to enable this functionality.

By providing Spark with a principal and keytab (e.g. using spark-submit with --principal and --keytab parameters), the application will maintain a valid Kerberos login that can be used to retrieve delegation tokens indefinitely.

Note that when using a keytab in cluster mode, it will be copied over to the machine running the Spark driver. In the case of YARN, this means using HDFS as a staging area for the keytab, so it's strongly recommended that both YARN and HDFS be secured with encryption, at least.

By setting spark.kerberos.renewal.credentials to ccache in Spark's configuration, the local Kerberos ticket cache will be used for authentication. Spark will keep the ticket renewed during its renewable life, but after it expires a new ticket needs to be acquired (e.g. by running kinit).

It's up to the user to maintain an updated ticket cache that Spark can use.

The location of the ticket cache can be customized by setting the KRB5CCNAME environment variable.

When talking to Hadoop-based services behind Kerberos, it was noted that Spark needs to obtain delegation tokens so that non-local processes can authenticate. These delegation tokens in Kubernetes are stored in Secrets that are shared by the Driver and its Executors. As such, there are three ways of submitting a Kerberos job:

In all cases you must define the environment variable: HADOOP_CONF_DIR or spark.kubernetes.hadoop.configMapName.

It also important to note that the KDC needs to be visible from inside the containers.

If a user wishes to use a remote HADOOP_CONF directory, that contains the Hadoop configuration files, this could be achieved by setting spark.kubernetes.hadoop.configMapName to a pre-existing ConfigMap.

1. Submitting with a $kinit that stores a TGT in the Local Ticket Cache:

/usr/bin/kinit -kt <keytab_file> <username>/<krb5 realm>
/opt/spark/bin/spark-submit \
    --deploy-mode cluster \
    --class org.apache.spark.examples.HdfsTest \
    --master k8s://<KUBERNETES_MASTER_ENDPOINT> \
    --conf spark.executor.instances=1 \
    --conf spark.app.name=spark-hdfs \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.container.image=spark:latest \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.kerberos.krb5.path=/etc/krb5.conf \
    local:///opt/spark/examples/jars/spark-examples_<VERSION>.jar \
    <HDFS_FILE_LOCATION>

2. Submitting with a local Keytab and Principal

/opt/spark/bin/spark-submit \
    --deploy-mode cluster \
    --class org.apache.spark.examples.HdfsTest \
    --master k8s://<KUBERNETES_MASTER_ENDPOINT> \
    --conf spark.executor.instances=1 \
    --conf spark.app.name=spark-hdfs \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.container.image=spark:latest \
    --conf spark.kerberos.keytab=<KEYTAB_FILE> \
    --conf spark.kerberos.principal=<PRINCIPAL> \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.kerberos.krb5.path=/etc/krb5.conf \
    local:///opt/spark/examples/jars/spark-examples_<VERSION>.jar \
    <HDFS_FILE_LOCATION>

3. Submitting with pre-populated secrets, that contain the Delegation Token, already existing within the namespace

/opt/spark/bin/spark-submit \
    --deploy-mode cluster \
    --class org.apache.spark.examples.HdfsTest \
    --master k8s://<KUBERNETES_MASTER_ENDPOINT> \
    --conf spark.executor.instances=1 \
    --conf spark.app.name=spark-hdfs \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.container.image=spark:latest \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.kerberos.tokenSecret.name=<SECRET_TOKEN_NAME> \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.kerberos.tokenSecret.itemKey=<SECRET_ITEM_KEY> \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.kerberos.krb5.path=/etc/krb5.conf \
    local:///opt/spark/examples/jars/spark-examples_<VERSION>.jar \
    <HDFS_FILE_LOCATION>

3b. Submitting like in (3) however specifying a pre-created krb5 ConfigMap and pre-created HADOOP_CONF_DIR ConfigMap

/opt/spark/bin/spark-submit \
    --deploy-mode cluster \
    --class org.apache.spark.examples.HdfsTest \
    --master k8s://<KUBERNETES_MASTER_ENDPOINT> \
    --conf spark.executor.instances=1 \
    --conf spark.app.name=spark-hdfs \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.container.image=spark:latest \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.kerberos.tokenSecret.name=<SECRET_TOKEN_NAME> \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.kerberos.tokenSecret.itemKey=<SECRET_ITEM_KEY> \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.hadoop.configMapName=<HCONF_CONFIG_MAP_NAME> \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.kerberos.krb5.configMapName=<KRB_CONFIG_MAP_NAME> \
    local:///opt/spark/examples/jars/spark-examples_<VERSION>.jar \
    <HDFS_FILE_LOCATION>

If your applications are using event logging, the directory where the event logs go (spark.eventLog.dir) should be manually created with proper permissions. To secure the log files, the directory permissions should be set to drwxrwxrwxt. The owner and group of the directory should correspond to the super user who is running the Spark History Server.

This will allow all users to write to the directory but will prevent unprivileged users from reading, removing or renaming a file unless they own it. The event log files will be created by Spark with permissions such that only the user and group have read and write access.

If your applications persist driver logs in client mode by enabling spark.driver.log.persistToDfs.enabled, the directory where the driver logs go (spark.driver.log.dfsDir) should be manually created with proper permissions. To secure the log files, the directory permissions should be set to drwxrwxrwxt. The owner and group of the directory should correspond to the super user who is running the Spark History Server.

This will allow all users to write to the directory but will prevent unprivileged users from reading, removing or renaming a file unless they own it. The driver log files will be created by Spark with permissions such that only the user and group have read and write access.