Altair is a declarative statistical visualization library for Python.
Altair is developed by Brian Granger and Jake Vanderplas in close collaboration with the UW Interactive Data Lab.
With Altair, you can spend more time understanding your data and its meaning. Altair's API is simple, friendly and consistent and built on top of the powerful Vega-Lite JSON specification. This elegant simplicity produces beautiful and effective visualizations with a minimal amount of code.
Note: Altair's documentation is currently in a very incomplete form; we are in the process of creating more comprehensive documentation. Stay tuned!
See Altair's Documentation Site, as well as Altair's Tutorial Notebooks.
Here is an example using Altair to quickly visualize and display a dataset with the native Vega-Lite renderer in the Jupyter Notebook:
import altair as alt
# Uncomment/run this line to enable Altair in JupyterLab/nteract:
# alt.enable_mime_rendering()
# load data as a pandas DataFrame
cars = alt.load_dataset('cars')
alt.Chart(cars).mark_point().encode(
x='Horsepower',
y='Miles_per_Gallon',
color='Origin',
)
Altair provides a Python API for building statistical visualizations in a declarative manner. By statistical visualization we mean:
- The data source is a
DataFramethat consists of columns of different data types (quantitative, ordinal, nominal and date/time). - The
DataFrameis in a tidy format where the rows correspond to samples and the columns correspond to the observed variables. - The data is mapped to the visual properties (position, color, size, shape, faceting, etc.) using the group-by data transformation.
The Altair API contains no actual visualization rendering code but instead emits JSON data structures following the Vega-Lite specification. The resulting Vega-Lite JSON data can be rendered in the following user-interfaces:
- Jupyter Notebook (by installing ipyvega).
- JupyterLab (no additional dependencies needed).
- nteract (no additional dependencies needed).
- Carefully-designed, declarative Python API based on traitlets.
- Auto-generated internal Python API that guarantees visualizations are type-checked and in full conformance with the Vega-Lite specification.
- Auto-generate Altair Python code from a Vega-Lite JSON spec.
- Display visualizations in the live Jupyter Notebook, JupyterLab, nteract, on GitHub and nbviewer.
- Export visualizations to PNG images, stand-alone HTML pages and the Online Vega-Lite Editor.
- Serialize visualizations as JSON files.
- Explore Altair with 40 example datasets and over 70 examples.
Altair can be installed with the following commands:
pip install altair
pip install --upgrade notebook
In addition, to render Altair visualizations in the classic Jupyter Notebook, you will need to enable the ipyvega nbextension:
jupyter nbextension enable --sys-prefix --py vega
This single step is not needed for usage with JupyterLab and nteract, which have built-in support for Vega-Lite.
If you use conda to install Altair:
conda install altair --channel conda-forge
the nbextension is automatically enabled.
We maintain a separate Github repository of Jupyter Notebooks that contain an interactive tutorial and examples:
https://github.com/altair-viz/altair_notebooks
To launch a live notebook server with those notebook using binder, click on the following badge:
Many excellent plotting libraries exist in Python, including the main ones:
Each library does a particular set of things well.
However, such a proliferation of options creates great difficulty for users as they have to wade through all of these APIs to find which of them is the best for the task at hand. None of these libraries are optimized for high-level statistical visualization, so users have to assemble their own using a mishmash of APIs. For individuals just learning data science, this forces them to focus on learning APIs rather than exploring their data.
Another challenge is current plotting APIs require the user to write code, even for incidental details of a visualization. This results in unfortunate and unnecessary cognitive burden as the visualization type (histogram, scatterplot, etc.) can often be inferred using basic information such as the columns of interest and the data types of those columns.
For example, if you are interested in a visualization of two numerical columns, a scatterplot is almost certainly a good starting point. If you add a categorical column to that, you probably want to encode that column using colors or facets. If inferring the visualization proves difficult at times, a simple user interface can construct a visualization without any coding. Tableau and the Interactive Data Lab's Polestar and Voyager are excellent examples of such UIs.
We believe that these challenges can be addressed without the creation of yet another visualization library that has a programmatic API and built-in rendering. Altair's approach to building visualizations uses a layered design that leverages the full capabilities of existing visualization libraries:
- Create a constrained, simple Python API (Altair) that is purely declarative
- Use the API (Altair) to emit JSON output that follows the Vega-Lite spec
- Render that spec using existing visualization libraries
This approach enables users to perform exploratory visualizations with a much simpler API initially, pick an appropriate renderer for their usage case, and then leverage the full capabilities of that renderer for more advanced plot customization.
We realize that a declarative API will necessarily be limited compared to the full programmatic APIs of Matplotlib, Bokeh, etc. That is a deliberate design choice we feel is needed to simplify the user experience of exploratory visualization.
Altair requires the following dependencies:
If you have cloned the repository, run the following command from the root of the repository:
pip install -e .
If you do not wish to clone the repository, you can install using:
pip install git+https://github.com/altair-viz/altair
To run the test suite you must have py.test installed. To run the tests, use
py.test --pyargs altair
(you can omit the --pyargs flag if you are running the tests from a source checkout).
We welcome any input, feedback, bug reports, and contributions via Altair's GitHub Repository. In particular, we welcome companion efforts from other visualization libraries to render the Vega-Lite specifications output by Altair. We see this portion of the effort as much bigger than Altair itself: the Vega and Vega-Lite specifications are perhaps the best existing candidates for a principled lingua franca of data visualization.
We are also seeking contributions of additional Jupyter notebook-based examples in our separate GitHub repository: https://github.com/altair-viz/altair_notebooks.
Altair is the brightest star in the constellation Aquila, and along with Deneb and Vega forms the northern-hemisphere asterism known as the Summer Triangle.