Drake Version Update to Enable Building of Branch

[sharanyashastry]

Upgraded Drake from version 1.22.0 to 1.33.0. This is the latest version that built without needing any additional changes.

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This change is 

[ebianchi]

Testing a fresh install, I get the following "issues," though everything still builds properly:

• Running the installation script sudo ./install/install_prereqs_jammy.sh gets the error (related to Fix install script #367):
  • FIX: This will be fixed if the changes to install_prereqs_jammy.sh are brought into this PR (as they should).

./source_distribution/install_prereqs.sh: line 116: ./source_distribution/install_bazelisk.sh: No such file or directory

• Bazel building with bazel build ... gives the warning that it's creating an empty file (that git then marks as an untracked file):
  • FIX: Two options here: migrate from WORKSPACE.bazel to MODULE.bazel, or add the line common --noenable_bzlmod to .bazelrc to disable Bzlmod.

WARNING: --enable_bzlmod is set, but no MODULE.bazel file was found at the workspace root. Bazel will create an empty MODULE.bazel file. Please consider migrating your external dependencies from WORKSPACE to MODULE.bazel. For more details, please refer to https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/issues/18958.

[sharanyashastry]

Updated:

1. Brought the changes to install_prereqs_jammy.sh into this PR.
2. Added the line common --noenable_bzlmod to the .bazelrc to disable Bzlmod.

Tested a clean build that built with neither of the above warnings.

[ebianchi]

Confirmed the build worked without issues, and no files were inadvertently added.

[ebianchi]

This line gives an error:

--2025-05-19 16:11:57--  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RobotLocomotion/drake/v1.33.0/setup/ubuntu/source_distribution/install_bazel.sh
Resolving raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)... 2606:50c0:8000::154, 2606:50c0:8003::154, 2606:50c0:8001::154, ...
Connecting to raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)|2606:50c0:8000::154|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 404 Not Found
2025-05-19 16:11:58 ERROR 404: Not Found.

However this isn't consequential given install_bazelisk.sh does successfully install. This might've been written this way to accommodate many versions of Drake that have only one or the other. Seems fine to leave to me.