chore: Clean up Barebones Badge and ProgressCircle (part of SWC-1057)

[graynorton]

Description

This PR updates the Badge and Progress Circle components in the second-gen codebase to align with the barebones architectural patterns. The changes include:

• Restructuring component implementations to follow barebones patterns
• Adding TypeScript type definitions in separate .types.ts files
• Integrating Storybook helpers for improved story generation
• Re-enabling Custom Elements Manifest (CEM) build
• Making valid sizes accessible as static properties by updating sizedMixin

These updates improve consistency across the codebase and establish patterns for future component migrations.

Motivation and context

As part of the second-gen component architecture refactor, we're standardizing component structure and patterns. Badge and Progress Circle are being updated to match the established barebones patterns, which improve maintainability, type safety, and documentation generation.

Related issue(s)

• Contributes to (but does not complete) SWC-1057

Screenshots (if appropriate)

N/A - This is a structural refactor with no visual changes to component appearance.

Author's checklist

• I have read the CONTRIBUTING and PULL_REQUESTS documents.
• I have reviewed at the Accessibility Practices for this feature, see: Aria Practices
• I have added automated tests to cover my changes.
• I have included a well-written changeset if my change needs to be published.
• I have included updated documentation if my change required it.

Reviewer's checklist

• Includes a Github Issue with appropriate flag or Jira ticket number without a link
• Includes thoughtfully written changeset if changes suggested include patch, minor, or major features
• Automated tests cover all use cases and follow best practices for writing
• Validated on all supported browsers
• All VRTs are approved before the author can update Golden Hash

Manual review test cases

• Badge component renders correctly with all size variants

  1. Navigate to Badge Storybook stories
  2. Verify all size variants render correctly
  3. Verify static validSizes property is accessible

• Progress Circle component renders correctly with updated patterns

  1. Navigate to Progress Circle Storybook stories
  2. Verify all variants render correctly
  3. Verify component behavior matches previous implementation

Device review

• Did it pass in Desktop?
• Did it pass in (emulated) Mobile?
• Did it pass in (emulated) iPad?

[changeset-bot]

⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: a6e376d

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[github-actions]

📚 Branch Preview

• Documentation Site
• Storybook

🔍 Visual Regression Test Results

When a visual regression test fails (or has previously failed while working on this branch), its results can be found in the following URLs:

• Spectrum | Light | Medium | LTR
• Spectrum | Dark | Large | RTL
• Express | Light | Medium | LTR
• Express | Dark | Large | RTL
• Spectrum-two | Light | Medium | LTR
• Spectrum-two | Dark | Large | RTL
• High Contrast Mode | Medium | LTR

Deployed to Azure Blob Storage: pr-5787

If the changes are expected, update the current_golden_images_cache hash in the circleci config to accept the new images. Instructions are included in that file.
If the changes are unexpected, you can investigate the cause of the differences and update the code accordingly.

[github-actions]

Tachometer results

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