PolarDNS is a specialized authoritative DNS server written in Python 3.x, which allows the operator to produce fully custom DNS responses, suitable for DNS protocol testing purposes.

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See the attached BlackHat MEA 2023 presentations (including BONUS slides) for a detailed information.

PolarDNS can be used for testing of:

• DNS resolvers (server-side)
• DNS clients
• DNS libraries
• DNS parsers and dissectors
• any software handling DNS information

It supports both UDP and TCP protocols, and it gives the operator full control over the DNS protocol layer.

PolarDNS server can produce variety of non-standard and non-compliant DNS responses, DNS responses violating the RFC specifications, including highly abnormal and malformed DNS responses.

This can be useful for:

• Functional testing
• RFC compliance
• Vulnerability research

Installation

1. Install Python 3.11 or newer.
2. (Optional) Edit the polardns.toml configuration file and add your domain and nameserver IP addresses.

Running PolarDNS

Make sure you are using Python 3.11 or newer to run the PolarDNS server:

python polardns.py

Alternatively, you can also deploy PolarDNS as a Docker image for which you can use the following steps.

Building and running PolarDNS Docker image

1. To build the Docker image for PolarDNS:

docker build -t polar_dns .

2. To run the PolarDNS container:

docker run -d --name polar_dns_container -p 53:53/tcp -p 53:53/udp polar_dns

Working with PolarDNS

By default, the server starts listening on all interfaces on UDP and TCP port 53 (0.0.0.0:53), ready to answer DNS queries.

You can test it locally by asking the following sample query, which should always resolve to something.

Ask in UDP mode:

dig always.yourdomain.com @127.0.0.1

Ask in TCP mode:

dig always.yourdomain.com @127.0.0.1 +tcp

You should receive A record with the 2.3.4.5 IP address, similarly like in this screenshot:

This indicates that the server is working properly.

Main concept

By asking the PolarDNS server to resolve something, you are essentially giving it instructions how it should respond to you. This means that you, the client, dictate the PolarDNS server what kind of response it should produce for you.

For instance, consider the following query:

dig always.ttl2000000000.slp1500.yourdomain.com @127.0.0.1

You should, again, receive A record with the 2.3.4.5 IP address, but this time with TTL of 2,000,000,000 (63.4 years) and after a delay of 1.5 seconds:

In the above example, we have used the always basic feature (which always resolves to something), and combined it with the ttl modifier to adjust the TTL value and the slp modifier to wait before sending the response out.

Main functionalities (features and response modifiers)

PolarDNS has the following main functionalities:

1. Features: These can produce various DNS responses. Most features have parameters, meaning that it is possible to adjust their behavior to produce variety of different DNS responses.
2. Response modifiers: These can further modify the DNS responses coming out from the PolarDNS server. Modifiers are independent on the selected feature and can be combined freely.

There are around 60 different features and 11 response modifiers currently implemented. By using different features and combining them together with different response modifiers, it is possible to produce countless variants of given response.

See the included catalogue of all implemented features and response modifiers.

This gives PolarDNS capacity to produce highly unusual, abnormal, and even malformed DNS responses, allowing the operator to see how the receiving side handles such situations and whether the receiving side is technically robust and mature.

Some examples of DNS responses which PolarDNS can produce contain:

• Alias (CNAME) chains and alias loops
• DNS header malformations (ID, Flags, number of sections)
• Injection of unsolicited records (cache poisoning)
• Injection of arbitrary bytes of arbitrary lengths
• Incomplete / empty / NULL byte(s) responses
• Compression issues (loops, invalid pointers)
• Slowly transmitted chunked responses
• Illegal labels or domain name lengths
• Arbitrary number of TXT records of arbitrary size
• Packet length manipulations (TCP)
• Etc.

These can lead to discovery of various vulnerabilities such as:

• Sloth domain attacks
• Phantom domain attacks
• Domain lock-up attacks
• Cache poisoning
• Resource exhaustion
• Crashes, DoS

See the BlackHat MEA 2023 presentations (including BONUS slides) for more details, many more examples and use-cases.

Testing of recursive DNS resolvers

Here's a high-level overview of what you need in order to start testing recursive DNS servers.

1. Purchase a domain for your tests e.g., example123.com
2. Get 2 Linux VPS instances with public and static IP addresses - these will be your nameservers.
3. Deploy the PolarDNS server on both of your VPS instances (nameservers)
4. Make sure to edit the polardns.toml configuration file and change your domain name and nameserver IP addresses
5. In the domain registrar, select to manage the domain using your own nameservers (you will need to specify 2 public IPs of your servers - primary and secondary NS)

Now your infrastructure should be ready for testing of any recursive DNS resolver of your choice.

Testing process breakdown

In order to start testing a target DNS recursive resolver, you have to target your queries to the target DNS resolver, e.g.

dig always.example123.com @<TARGET-RESOLVER-IP>

For example, to test the CloudFlare public DNS:

dig always.example123.com @1.1.1.1

During the resolution, the target DNS resolver will contact your authoritative PolarDNS nameservers (managing your example123.com testing domain) to resolve the query.

One of your PolarDNS servers will respond to the target DNS resolver. The target DNS resolver will obtain the response from PolarDNS and will parse it and process it. Afterwards, the resolver will send you (the client) the answer.

By instructing the DNS resolver to resolve various subdomains under your example123.com domain, you can effectively test the behavior of the DNS resolver and see how it handles various unexpected situations (responses).

For instance, how does it handle a situation when it obtains a malformed DNS response, a response with an injected record, or a record containing illegal characters, and what kind of answer does it ultimately send to you, the client?

Adding new features

Adding new features to PolarDNS is essential.

PolarDNS allows you to relatively easily implement a new idea, a test case, a feature or a PoC, without a need of implementing your own DNS server.

All you need is a basic / intermediate Python knowledge and knowing a bit of DNS protocol too.

Both can be learned on the go by looking on the PolarDNS code and by simply copying and modifying some of the existing features.

Testing locally using dig / host / nlsookup and Wireshark is of essence here.

The test/test.sh script has been tested on a machine running dig 9.18.10.

Plus, the links below can help with the DNS protocol.

Links

Here are some great resources which can aid in the testing process.

DNS Protocol related links:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DNS_record_types
• https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters/dns-parameters.xhtml

DNS servers:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_DNS_server_software
• https://www.lifewire.com/free-and-public-dns-servers-2626062