Add example for error handling in ExecutionContext

_overviews/core/futures.md

@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ permalink: /overviews/core/:title.html
 ## Introduction
 
 Futures provide a way to reason about performing many operations
-in parallel-- in an efficient and non-blocking way.
+in parallel -- in an efficient and non-blocking way.
+
 A [`Future`](https://www.scala-lang.org/api/current/scala/concurrent/Future.html)
 is a placeholder object for a value that may not yet exist.
 Generally, the value of the Future is supplied concurrently and can subsequently be used.
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ Completion can take one of two forms:
 A `Future` has an important property that it may only be assigned
 once.
 Once a `Future` object is given a value or an exception, it becomes
-in effect immutable-- it can never be overwritten.
+in effect immutable -- it can never be overwritten.
 
 The simplest way to create a future object is to invoke the `Future.apply`
 method which starts an asynchronous computation and returns a
@@ -335,8 +336,8 @@ To obtain the list of friends of a user, a request
 has to be sent over a network, which can take a long time.
 This is illustrated with the call to the method `getFriends` that returns `List[Friend]`.
 To better utilize the CPU until the response arrives, we should not
-block the rest of the program-- this computation should be scheduled
-asynchronously. The `Future.apply` method does exactly that-- it performs
+block the rest of the program -- this computation should be scheduled
+asynchronously. The `Future.apply` method does exactly that -- it performs
 the specified computation block concurrently, in this case sending
 a request to the server and waiting for a response.
 
@@ -396,7 +397,7 @@ We are often interested in the result of the computation, not just its
 side-effects.
 
 In many future implementations, once the client of the future becomes interested
-in its result, it has to block its own computation and wait until the future is completed--
+in its result, it has to block its own computation and wait until the future is completed --
 only then can it use the value of the future to continue its own computation.
 Although this is allowed by the Scala `Future` API as we will show later,
 from a performance point of view a better way to do it is in a completely
@@ -428,7 +429,7 @@ value is a `Throwable`.
 Coming back to our social network example, let's assume we want to
 fetch a list of our own recent posts and render them to the screen.
 We do so by calling a method `getRecentPosts` which returns
-a `List[String]`-- a list of recent textual posts:
+a `List[String]` -- a list of recent textual posts:
 
 {% tabs futures-05 class=tabs-scala-version %}
 {% tab 'Scala 2' for=futures-05 %}
@@ -650,7 +651,7 @@ some other currency. We would have to repeat this pattern within the
 to reason about.
 
 Second, the `purchase` future is not in the scope with the rest of
-the code-- it can only be acted upon from within the `foreach`
+the code -- it can only be acted upon from within the `foreach`
 callback. This means that other parts of the application do not
 see the `purchase` future and cannot register another `foreach`
 callback to it, for example, to sell some other currency.
@@ -760,7 +761,7 @@ Here is an example of `flatMap` and `withFilter` usage within for-comprehensions
 {% endtabs %}
 
 The `purchase` future is completed only once both `usdQuote`
-and `chfQuote` are completed-- it depends on the values
+and `chfQuote` are completed -- it depends on the values
 of both these futures so its own computation cannot begin
 earlier.
 
@@ -1086,7 +1087,7 @@ Here is an example of how to block on the result of a future:
 
 In the case that the future fails, the caller is forwarded the
 exception that the future is failed with. This includes the `failed`
-projection-- blocking on it results in a `NoSuchElementException`
+projection -- blocking on it results in a `NoSuchElementException`
 being thrown if the original future is completed successfully.
 
 Alternatively, calling `Await.ready` waits until the future becomes
@@ -1095,7 +1096,7 @@ that method will not throw an exception if the future is failed.
 
 The `Future` trait implements the `Awaitable` trait with methods
 `ready()` and `result()`. These methods cannot be called directly
-by the clients-- they can only be called by the execution context.
+by the clients -- they can only be called by the execution context.
 
 
 
@@ -1105,8 +1106,8 @@ When asynchronous computations throw unhandled exceptions, futures
 associated with those computations fail. Failed futures store an
 instance of `Throwable` instead of the result value. `Future`s provide
 the `failed` projection method, which allows this `Throwable` to be
-treated as the success value of another `Future`. The following special
-exceptions are treated differently:
+treated as the success value of another `Future`.
+The following exceptions receive special treatment:
 
 1. `scala.runtime.NonLocalReturnControl[_]` -- this exception holds a value
 associated with the return. Typically, `return` constructs in method
@@ -1121,11 +1122,225 @@ behind this is to prevent propagation of critical and control-flow related
 exceptions normally not handled by the client code and at the same time inform
 the client in which future the computation failed.
 
-Fatal exceptions (as determined by `NonFatal`) are rethrown in the thread executing
+Fatal exceptions (as determined by `NonFatal`) are rethrown from the thread executing
 the failed asynchronous computation. This informs the code managing the executing
 threads of the problem and allows it to fail fast, if necessary. See
 [`NonFatal`](https://www.scala-lang.org/api/current/scala/util/control/NonFatal$.html)
-for a more precise description of the semantics.
+for a more precise description of which exceptions are considered fatal.
+
+`ExecutionContext.global` handles fatal exceptions by printing a stack trace, by default.
+
+A fatal exception means that the `Future` associated with the computation will never complete.
+That is, "fatal" means that the error is not recoverable for the `ExecutionContext`
+and is also not intended to be handled by user code. By contrast, application code may
+attempt recovery from a "failed" `Future`, which has completed but with an exception.
+
+An execution context can be customized with a reporter that handles fatal exceptions.
+See the factory methods [`fromExecutor`](https://www.scala-lang.org/api/current/scala/concurrent/ExecutionContext$.html#fromExecutor(e:java.util.concurrent.Executor,reporter:Throwable=%3EUnit):scala.concurrent.ExecutionContextExecutor)
+and [`fromExecutorService`](https://www.scala-lang.org/api/current/scala/concurrent/ExecutionContext$.html#fromExecutorService(e:java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService,reporter:Throwable=%3EUnit):scala.concurrent.ExecutionContextExecutorService).
+
+Since it is necessary to set the [`UncaughtExceptionHandler`](https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/20/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler.html)
+for executing threads, as a convenience, when passed a `null` executor,
+`fromExecutor` will create a context that is configured the same as `global`,
+but with the supplied reporter for handling exceptions.
+
+The following example demonstrates how to obtain an `ExecutionContext` with custom error handling
+and also shows the result of different exceptions, as described above:
+
+{% tabs exceptions class=tabs-scala-version %}
+{% tab 'Scala 2' for=exceptions %}
+~~~ scala
+import java.util.concurrent.{ForkJoinPool, TimeoutException}
+import scala.concurrent.{Await, ExecutionContext, Future}
+import scala.concurrent.duration.DurationInt
+import scala.util.{Failure, Success}
+
+object Test extends App {
+  def crashing(): Int  = throw new NoSuchMethodError("test")
+  def failing(): Int   = throw new NumberFormatException("test")
+  def interrupt(): Int = throw new InterruptedException("test")
+  def erroring(): Int  = throw new AssertionError("test")
+
+  // computations can fail in the middle of a chain of combinators, after the initial Future job has completed
+  def testCrashes()(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[Int] =
+    Future.unit.map(_ => crashing())
+  def testFails()(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[Int] =
+    Future.unit.map(_ => failing())
+  def testInterrupted()(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[Int] =
+    Future.unit.map(_ => interrupt())
+  def testError()(implicit ec: ExecutionContext): Future[Int] =
+    Future.unit.map(_ => erroring())
+
+  // Wait for 1 second for the the completion of the passed `future` value and print it
+  def check(future: Future[Int]): Unit =
+    try {
+      Await.ready(future, 1.second)
+      for (completion <- future.value) {
+        println(s"completed $completion")
+        // In case of failure, also print the cause of the exception, when defined
+        completion match {
+          case Failure(exception) if exception.getCause != null =>
+            println(s"  caused by ${exception.getCause}")
+          _ => ()
+        }
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // If the future value did not complete within 1 second, the call
+      // to `Await.ready` throws a TimeoutException
+      case _: TimeoutException => println(s"did not complete")
+    }
+
+  def reporter(t: Throwable) = println(s"reported $t")
+
+  locally {
+    // using the `global` implicit context
+    import ExecutionContext.Implicits._
+    // a successful Future
+    check(Future(42))        // completed Success(42)
+    // a Future that completes with an application exception
+    check(Future(failing())) // completed Failure(java.lang.NumberFormatException: test)
+    // same, but the exception is thrown somewhere in the chain of combinators
+    check(testFails())       // completed Failure(java.lang.NumberFormatException: test)
+    // a Future that does not complete because of a linkage error;
+    // the trace is printed to stderr by default
+    check(testCrashes())     // did not complete
+    // a Future that completes with an operational exception that is wrapped
+    check(testInterrupted()) // completed Failure(java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: Boxed Exception)
+                             //   caused by java.lang.InterruptedException: test
+    // a Future that completes due to a failed assert, which is bad for the app,
+    // but is handled the same as interruption
+    check(testError())       // completed Failure(java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: Boxed Exception)
+                             //   caused by java.lang.AssertionError: test
+  }
+  locally {
+    // same as `global`, but adds a custom reporter that will handle uncaught
+    // exceptions and errors reported to the context
+    implicit val ec: ExecutionContext = ExecutionContext.fromExecutor(null, reporter)
+    check(testCrashes())     // reported java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: test
+                             // did not complete
+  }
+  locally {
+    // does not handle uncaught exceptions; the executor would have to be
+    // configured separately
+    val executor = ForkJoinPool.commonPool()
+    implicit val ec: ExecutionContext = ExecutionContext.fromExecutor(executor, reporter)
+    // the reporter is not invoked and the Future does not complete
+    check(testCrashes())     // did not complete
+  }
+  locally {
+    // sample minimal configuration for a context and underlying pool that
+    // use the reporter
+    val handler: Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler =
+      (_: Thread, t: Throwable) => reporter(t)
+    val executor = new ForkJoinPool(
+      Runtime.getRuntime.availableProcessors,
+      ForkJoinPool.defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, // threads use the pool's handler
+      handler,
+      /*asyncMode=*/ false
+    )
+    implicit val ec: ExecutionContext = ExecutionContext.fromExecutor(executor, reporter)
+    check(testCrashes())     // reported java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: test
+                             // did not complete
+  }
+}
+~~~
+{% endtab %}
+
+{% tab 'Scala 3' for=exceptions %}
+~~~ scala
+import java.util.concurrent.{ForkJoinPool, TimeoutException}
+import scala.concurrent.{Await, ExecutionContext, Future}
+import scala.concurrent.duration.DurationInt
+import scala.util.{Failure, Success}
+
+def crashing(): Int  = throw new NoSuchMethodError("test")
+def failing(): Int   = throw new NumberFormatException("test")
+def interrupt(): Int = throw new InterruptedException("test")
+def erroring(): Int  = throw new AssertionError("test")
+
+// computations can fail in the middle of a chain of combinators,
+// after the initial Future job has completed
+def testCrashes()(using ExecutionContext): Future[Int] =
+  Future.unit.map(_ => crashing())
+def testFails()(using ExecutionContext): Future[Int] =
+  Future.unit.map(_ => failing())
+def testInterrupted()(using ExecutionContext): Future[Int] =
+  Future.unit.map(_ => interrupt())
+def testError()(using ExecutionContext): Future[Int] =
+  Future.unit.map(_ => erroring())
+
+// Wait for 1 second for the the completion of the passed `future` value and print it
+def check(future: Future[Int]): Unit =
+  try
+    Await.ready(future, 1.second)
+    for completion <- future.value do
+      println(s"completed $completion")
+      // In case of failure, also print the cause of the exception, when defined
+      completion match
+        case Failure(exception) if exception.getCause != null =>
+          println(s"  caused by ${exception.getCause}")
+        case _ => ()
+  catch
+    // If the future value did not complete within 1 second, the call
+    // to `Await.ready` throws a TimeoutException
+    case _: TimeoutException => println(s"did not complete")
+
+def reporter(t: Throwable) = println(s"reported $t")
+
+@main def test(): Unit =
+  locally:
+    // using the `global` implicit context
+    import ExecutionContext.Implicits.given
+    // a successful Future
+    check(Future(42))        // completed Success(42)
+    // a Future that completes with an application exception
+    check(Future(failing())) // completed Failure(java.lang.NumberFormatException: test)
+    // same, but the exception is thrown somewhere in the chain of combinators
+    check(testFails())       // completed Failure(java.lang.NumberFormatException: test)
+    // a Future that does not complete because of a linkage error;
+    // the trace is printed to stderr by default
+    check(testCrashes())     // did not complete
+    // a Future that completes with an operational exception that is wrapped
+    check(testInterrupted()) // completed Failure(java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: Boxed Exception)
+                             //   caused by java.lang.InterruptedException: test
+    // a Future that completes due to a failed assert, which is bad for the app,
+    // but is handled the same as interruption
+    check(testError())       // completed Failure(java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: Boxed Exception)
+                             //   caused by java.lang.AssertionError: test
+
+  locally:
+    // same as `global`, but adds a custom reporter that will handle uncaught
+    // exceptions and errors reported to the context
+    given ExecutionContext = ExecutionContext.fromExecutor(null, reporter)
+    check(testCrashes())     // reported java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: test
+                             // did not complete
+
+  locally:
+    // does not handle uncaught exceptions; the executor would have to be
+    // configured separately
+    val executor = ForkJoinPool.commonPool()
+    given ExecutionContext = ExecutionContext.fromExecutor(executor, reporter)
+    // the reporter is not invoked and the Future does not complete
+    check(testCrashes())     // did not complete
+
+  locally:
+    // sample minimal configuration for a context and underlying pool that
+    // use the reporter
+    val handler: Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler =
+      (_: Thread, t: Throwable) => reporter(t)
+    val executor = new ForkJoinPool(
+      Runtime.getRuntime.availableProcessors,
+      ForkJoinPool.defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, // threads use the pool's handler
+      handler,
+      /*asyncMode=*/ false
+    )
+    given ExecutionContext = ExecutionContext.fromExecutor(executor, reporter)
+    check(testCrashes())     // reported java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: test
+                             // did not complete
+end test
+~~~
+{% endtab %}
+{% endtabs %}
 
 ## Promises
 
@@ -1226,7 +1441,7 @@ continues its computation, and finally completes the future `f` with a
 valid result, by completing promise `p`.
 
 Promises can also be completed with a `complete` method which takes
-a potential value `Try[T]`-- either a failed result of type `Failure[Throwable]` or a
+a potential value `Try[T]` -- either a failed result of type `Failure[Throwable]` or a
 successful result of type `Success[T]`.
 
 Analogous to `success`, calling `failure` and `complete` on a promise that has already