ResearchLoom v4.3.8 - Citation Snowballing, Synthesis Drafter, PRISMA TikZ & BibTeX Vault

ResearchLoom v4.3.8: Next-Gen Citation Snowballing, Synthesis Drafter, PRISMA TikZ Exporter & BibTeX Vault

ResearchLoom (Samhita) v4.3.8 brings five major research features requested by the academic community across Reddit (r/PhD), Hacker News, and Zotero forums. This release bridges the gap between exploration and manuscript authoring with recursive citation lineage graphs, multi-paper comparative synthesis drafting, publication-grade vector PRISMA diagrams, diacritic-safe BibTeX sanitization, and native Zotero/CSL collection import.

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Top 5 Research Features in v4.3.8

1. Dual-Lineage Citation Snowballing (OpenAlex Polite Pool & Interactive Lineage Map)

• Backward Snowballing (Predecessors): Recursively traverses foundational literature cited by any paper, surfacing foundational origins. Rendered in warm amber tones expanding to the left.
• Forward Snowballing (Successors): Recursively traverses subsequent citations and future work stemming from the paper. Rendered in electric cyan tones expanding to the right.
• Spatial Collision Firewall: Mathematically calibrated card placement (X_seed - 460 - (depth-1)*440 for predecessors and +460 for successors) guaranteeing zero overlap with seed papers or hub folders.
• Abstract Restoration: Reconstructs inverted index abstracts into 250-word summaries with polite pool headers (mailto:) for rate-limit protection.

2. Evidence Matrix Comparative Synthesis Drafter

• Multi-Paper Comparative Synthesis: Select 2 or more papers in the Evidence Matrix to synthesize cross-study narratives across 4 analytical lenses:
  • Contrastive Analysis: Head-to-head methodology and finding comparisons.
  • Discrepancies & Divergences: Identifies contradictory outcomes and statistical discrepancies.
  • Consensus & Convergence: Synthesizes foundational agreements and shared theories.
  • Research Gaps: Highlights unresolved challenges and future research opportunities.
• Context Token Budgeting: Enforces dynamic character budgeting respecting lightweight cloud models (Groq llama-3.1-8b-instant, Gemini gemini-1.5-flash-8b).
• Citation Whitelist Firewall: Scans all \cite{AuthorYear} keys against the selected papers, filtering hallucinations.
• 1-Click Writing Studio Injection: Inserts formatted LaTeX subsections and BibTeX entries directly before \end{document} in the built-in Writing Studio.

3. Publication-Ready PRISMA 2020 Flow Diagram Exporter

• Vector SVG Export: Clean, scalable vector graphic via direct DOM XMLSerializer blob download.
• High-Resolution 300 DPI PDF: Publication-grade PDF rasterized via HTML5 canvas for journal submission.
• Overleaf Native LaTeX TikZ Generator: Generates standalone, fully compilable LaTeX code utilizing the tikz and positioning packages with official PRISMA 2020 colorways.

4. Automated BibTeX Sanitizer, Deduplicator & Key Formatter

• Standardized Citation Keys: Normalizes entries to [FirstAuthorLastName][Year][FirstMeaningfulTitleWord] (e.g., Vaswani2017Attention).
• Diacritics Transliteration: Strips and normalizes Latin diacritics (Ł -> L, Ø -> O, ß -> ss).
• Collision Disambiguation Cascade: Automatically detects duplicate keys and appends alphabetic suffixes (a–z, aa–zz).
• Parity-Aware LaTeX Escaping: Safely escapes unescaped ampersands (& -> \&) while preserving math expressions ($X & Y$).

5. 1-Click Zotero & Better BibTeX Collection Importer

• Drag-and-Drop Ingestion: Ingests .bib and .csl-json export files directly into the local SQLite vault.
• Atomic Duplicate Merging: Merges records by DOI and title similarity with key collision shields.
• Crossref Verification Shields:
  • 🟢 Verified: Metadata validated via Crossref REST API.
  • 🟡 Unverified: One-click live lookup shielded by asyncio.Semaphore(5) rate limiting.
• Anti-Slop UI Styling: Sleek, high-density zinc dark interface (bg-zinc-950, border-zinc-800).

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Platform Packages & Release Assets

Asset Name	Platform / Architecture	Description
ResearchLoom.exe	Windows 10/11 (x64)	Standalone portable executable
ResearchLoom-Setup.exe	Windows 10/11 (x64)	Full Inno Setup installer with Desktop/Tray integration
ResearchLoom-windows-x64.zip	Windows 10/11 (x64)	Standalone executable ZIP archive
ResearchLoom-android-tablet.apk	Android 10+ (ARM64/x86_64)	Standalone Android tablet package (Xiaomi Pad, Galaxy Tab)
ResearchLoom-macOS-arm64.dmg	macOS 12+ (Apple Silicon)	Standalone macOS disk image (built via CI)
ResearchLoom-linux-x86_64.AppImage	Linux (x86_64)	Universal Linux portable AppImage (built via CI)

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Launch Instructions & Security Notes

• Windows SmartScreen: As an open-source, non-commercial research binary without expensive EV code signing certificates, Windows Defender SmartScreen may display an informational prompt on initial launch. Click "More info" -> "Run anyway".
• Privacy & Offline Guarantee: All SQLite databases, AES-256 encrypted vaults, and API keys remain strictly on your local machine with zero telemetry or third-party cloud egress.

ResearchLoom v4.3.7 - In-App Auto-Update Engine, Background Daemon & Loom Clipper

ResearchLoom v4.3.7

ResearchLoom v4.3.7 introduces an In-App Software Auto-Update Engine with automated changelog tracking, a Zero-CPU System Tray Background Agent, the Loom Clipper browser extension companion, and global Omni-Search.

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In-App Software Auto-Update Engine

• Automated Update Detection: Periodically and on-demand queries the official GitHub release channel to detect new versions.
• In-App Changelog & Release Notes: Presents an update modal in the sidebar displaying what was fixed and updated before applying.
• 1-Click Background Download & Upgrade: Downloads the platform-specific release binary (Windows .exe, Linux .AppImage, macOS .dmg) in the background with real-time percentage indicators.
• Seamless Restart: Applies the update and launches the installer or refreshed binary cleanly.

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System Tray Background Agent (Zero-Resource Mode)

• Close-to-Tray: Closing the desktop window minimizes ResearchLoom to the system notification tray rather than terminating the process.
• Minimal Resource Footprint: The Chromium rendering engine is hidden and idled, reducing CPU usage to 0.0% and memory consumption to ~35-45 MB.
• System Tray Context Menu:
  • Open ResearchLoom: Restores the desktop window with 0ms startup time.
  • Open Web Interface: Opens the local server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/.
  • Quit ResearchLoom: Fully terminates the backend and unbinds port 8000.

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Loom Clipper Browser Companion Extension

• Manifest V3 Extension: Packaged for Chromium-based browsers (Chrome, Brave, Edge).
• 1-Click Academic Metadata Scraping: Extracts DOI, Highwire Press, Dublin Core, and arXiv/PubMed details directly from the active tab.
• Duplicate Radar: Identifies if a paper is already present in your local ResearchLoom vault.
• Mini Vault Search: Search through local research papers directly inside the browser popup and copy standardized BibTeX citations.
• Quick Thought Scratchpad: Captures spontaneous hypotheses and excerpts, appending the source URL and saving directly to ResearchLoom notes.
• Desktop Window Wake: 1-click button to bring the hidden desktop application to the foreground.

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Global Omni-Search (Ctrl+K / Cmd+K)

• System-wide floating search palette querying papers, notes, formula blocks, and evidence matrices without context switching.
• Standardized citation insertion ([@authorYearWord]) and 1-click BibTeX copy actions.

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Distribution Assets

Platform	File	Type	Architecture
Linux	ResearchLoom-linux-x86_64.AppImage	Standalone AppImage	x86_64
Linux	ResearchLoom-linux-x86_64.tar.gz	Portable Archive	x86_64
Windows	ResearchLoom.exe	Standalone Executable	x86_64
Windows	ResearchLoom-windows-x64.zip	Portable Zip	x86_64
macOS	ResearchLoom-macOS-arm64.dmg	Disk Image	Apple Silicon (arm64)
Android	ResearchLoom-android-tablet.apk	Signed Release APK	Universal (arm64-v8a / x86_64)

ResearchLoom v4.3.6 - Linux AppImage, Desktop Daemon & Multi-Platform Release

ResearchLoom v4.3.6

ResearchLoom v4.3.6 delivers official native GNU/Linux support, desktop system tray daemon integration, and updated binaries across Windows, macOS, and Android Tablet architectures.

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Linux Platform Support

• Universal AppImage: Distributed as a standalone x86_64 executable (ResearchLoom-linux-x86_64.AppImage) bundling WebKitGTK runtime bindings, PyMuPDF, FastAPI backend services, and compiled frontend assets. Tested on Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Arch Linux, openSUSE, and Pop!_OS.
• Portable Tarball Archive: Includes FreeDesktop integration assets (com.sohamsans.researchloom.desktop), 512x512 application icon, and a user-space installation script (install-linux.sh) installing to ~/.local/bin and ~/.local/share/applications.
• XDG Base Directory Compliance: Local research vault databases, documents, and figures persist under $XDG_DATA_HOME/ResearchLoom or ~/.local/share/ResearchLoom.
• GTK Theme Integration: Propagates gtk-application-prefer-dark-theme hints to align with desktop environment styling.
• Display Driver Fallback: Automatically redirects to the default system browser at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ when WebKitGTK graphics libraries are absent on minimal window managers.

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Android Tablet Hardware & Stylus Dynamic Updates

• Direct BYOK Multi-Provider Engine: Direct on-device inference against OpenAI, Anthropic Claude, and Google Gemini APIs without gateway latency or external proxy dependency.
• Stylus Studio Upgrades: Real-time Catmull-Rom cubic stroke interpolation, geometric auto-shape snapping, dual-eraser mode, and physical barrel button tool cycling.
• OEM Gesture Handling: Suppresses native HyperOS/MIUI shortcut conflicts on Xiaomi Pad 7 series hardware while preserving standard 3-finger screenshot gestures.
• Data Preservation Architecture: Android manifest configured with hasFragileUserData="true" and signed with permanent release keystores for direct in-place APK upgrades without data loss.

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Licensing & Compliance

ResearchLoom is released under the PolyForm Noncommercial License 1.0.0. The software is free for personal, educational, and academic research purposes. Commercial distribution, proprietary sublicensing, and monetization are strictly prohibited.

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Distribution Assets

Platform	File	Type	Architecture
Linux	ResearchLoom-linux-x86_64.AppImage	Standalone AppImage	x86_64
Linux	ResearchLoom-linux-x86_64.tar.gz	Portable Archive	x86_64
Windows	ResearchLoom.exe	Standalone Executable	x86_64
Windows	ResearchLoom-windows-x64.zip	Portable Zip	x86_64
macOS	ResearchLoom-macOS-arm64.dmg	Disk Image	Apple Silicon (arm64)
Android	ResearchLoom-android-tablet.apk	Signed Release APK	Universal (arm64-v8a / x86_64)

ResearchLoom v4.3.5 - Xiaomi Pad 7 Stylus Scheme, Flow Map Gestures & Tablet Polish

What's Changed in ResearchLoom v4.3.5

ResearchLoom v4.3.5 delivers essential hardware-level upgrades for Android tablets (including Xiaomi Pad 7 series, Galaxy Tab, and Pixel Tablet), enhanced stylus interaction, brand identity polish, and in-place APK upgrade support.

Visual Identity & Studio Navigation

• Distinct Writing vs. Stylus Studio Icons: Updated Writing Studio across sidebar navigation to use the dedicated document authoring icon (FileEdit), clearly distinguishing it from Stylus Studio's precision pen icon (PenTool).
• Official ResearchLoom Adaptive App Icon: Embedded the official obsidian and silver architectural book folio icon into Android mipmap adaptive launcher assets (mipmap-mdpi through mipmap-xxxhdpi), replacing default generic icons on tablet home screens and app drawers.

️ Stylus Engine & OEM Hardware Optimization (Xiaomi Pad 7 / S-Pen)

• Vector Stroke Smoothing (Catmull-Rom): Real-time cubic interpolation across pointer trajectory coordinates to eliminate digitizer jitter and deliver fluid, natural handwriting.
• Smart Shape Recognition (Auto-Snap): One-tap toggleable geometric engine automatically detecting and converting freehand sketches into geometric primitives (circles, ellipses, rectangles, triangles, and straight lines).
• Physical Barrel Button Tool Cycling: Single-clicking physical stylus barrel buttons cycles seamlessly through tools (Pen -> Highlighter -> Stroke Eraser -> Pixel Eraser -> Pen).
• OEM Gesture & Shortcut Neutralization: Intercepted proprietary Xiaomi HyperOS/MIUI keycodes (KEYCODE_PAGE_UP 92, KEYCODE_PAGE_DOWN 93) in MainActivity.java to prevent unwanted launches of the native Xiaomi Notes app or partial screenshot overlays while drawing in the app. Normal 3-finger swipe system screenshots remain fully functional.

️ Tablet Flow Maps (Interactive Touch & Drag)

• Pointer Events Migration: Transformed card dragging (papers, sticky notes, folders) and canvas navigation to W3C Pointer Events with explicit pointer capture.
• Multi-Touch Pinch-to-Zoom: Fluid two-finger pan and pinch zooming on Android tablets without gesture conflicts or card mis-selections.

Seamless In-Place APK Upgrades & Data Preservation

• Consistent Release Key Signing: Unified Gradle APK build signing with a dedicated release keystore and V1+V2 signatures enabled, allowing users to update the app directly from new APKs without uninstalling previous versions.
• Data Protection on Uninstall: Enabled android:hasFragileUserData="true" in the Android manifest, prompting users to preserve their local research databases and downloaded PDFs if the app is ever removed.

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Download Assets

• Android Tablet APK: ResearchLoom-android-tablet.apk (Supports Android 8.0+ tablets & foldables)
• Windows Standalone: ResearchLoom.exe / ResearchLoom-windows-x64.zip
• macOS Universal: ResearchLoom-macOS-arm64.dmg

ResearchLoom v4.3.4 - Xiaomi Pad 7 Dynamic Scaling, Dual Eraser & Stylus Scheme

Highlights

ResearchLoom v4.3.4 introduces dedicated responsive scaling and hardware optimization for Android tablets (specifically the Xiaomi Pad 7 with a 3:2 aspect ratio, 2880×1800 resolution), Dual-Mode Erasers (Stroke Eraser vs. Pixel Eraser), and hardware integration for the Xiaomi Smart Pen 2 / Focus Pen barrel button scheme.

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What Changed in v4.3.4

1. Dynamic Tablet Scaling & Orientation Adaptation

• Xiaomi Pad 7 (3:2 Aspect Ratio) & All Tablet Ratios: Dynamically scales and recalculates canvas layout in both vertical (portrait) and landscape orientations.
• Zero UI Truncation: Eliminated header and toolbar button clipping. On tablet viewports (width < 1280px), the sidebar auto-collapses by default with a quick-toggle button in the header, and redundant secondary badges are cleanly collapsed.
• Dynamic DPR-Aware Canvas: Drawing coordinate matrix scales precisely to window.devicePixelRatio during orientation changes.

2. Dual-Engine Eraser

• Stroke Eraser: High-precision vector line intersection calculation using segment-distance algorithms (distToSegment), instantly deleting entire intersected strokes on contact.
• Pixel Eraser: Raster canvas erasure using destination-out composite operation, enabling pixel-perfect partial erasing and fine-tuned formula cleanup.
• Sub-Menu Selector: Toggle between Stroke and Pixel eraser modes directly from the toolbar or via stylus secondary click.

3. Xiaomi Smart Pen & Stylus Hardware Button Scheme

• Native Android Key Interception (MainActivity.java):
• Captures KEYCODE_PAGE_UP (92) and KEYCODE_PAGE_DOWN (93) emitted by Xiaomi Smart Pen 2 / Focus Pen barrel buttons.
• Intercepts MotionEvent.ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS for BUTTON_STYLUS_PRIMARY and BUTTON_STYLUS_SECONDARY.
• Bridges hardware events directly into the web canvas via custom events and window.handleStylusButton without unwanted browser scrolling.
• Hardware Button Toggle: Holding or clicking the physical pen barrel button toggles the eraser mode on the fly while sketching.

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Assets Included

• ResearchLoom-android-tablet.apk: Dedicated standalone APK for Android tablets.
• ResearchLoom.exe: Standalone Windows desktop build.
• ResearchLoom-windows-x64.zip: Portable zip package for Windows.
• ResearchLoom-macOS-arm64.dmg: Drag-and-drop installer for Apple Silicon macOS.

ResearchLoom v4.3.3 - Standalone Android Tablet Port & Stylus Studio

ResearchLoom v4.3.3: Dedicated Standalone Android Tablet Port & Stylus Studio

ResearchLoom v4.3.3 introduces a dedicated, fully standalone Android tablet port. The Android tablet application is no longer a peripheral companion to a desktop PC-it is a complete, self-contained academic synthesis workbench equipped with hardware active stylus (S-Pen / USI) support and autonomous client-side literature discovery.

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Key Highlights & Changes in v4.3.3

1. Dedicated Standalone Android Tablet Port

• Zero Desktop Dependency: Operates 100% autonomously on Android tablets without needing a local or remote Python backend running.
• Client-Side Discovery Cascade: Directly queries open academic indexes-including the OpenAlex Polite Pool (https://api.openalex.org/works) and arXiv Search API-directly from the tablet engine using native browser fetch.
• Direct BYOK Multi-Model Inference: Directly calls Groq Cloud (llama-3.1-8b-instant), Google Gemini (gemini-1.5-flash), and OpenRouter APIs from the device using local encrypted keys stored on the tablet.
• Client-Side Synthesis & Deduplication: Normalizes, hashes, and deduplicates candidate papers by DOI and normalized title client-side.

2. Native Stylus Studio & Mathematical Scratchpad

• Dedicated Primary Workspace: New top-level navigation tab (Stylus Studio) with a distraction-free mathematical canvas.
• Hardware Active Stylus Tracking: W3C Pointer Events Level 3 implementation with sub-millisecond drawing latency and continuous pen hover tracking.
• Dynamic Pressure Curves: Line thickness modulates naturally based on pen tip pressure:
  $$\text{lineWidth} = \text{baseSize} \times (0.35 + 1.65 \times \text{pressure})$$
• Hardware S-Pen Side-Button Integration: Automatic eraser toggle when holding or pressing the active stylus side button (e.buttons === 32).
• Strict Palm Rejection: Active pointer arbitration rejects all touch events (e.pointerType === 'touch') whenever an active pen tip is near or in contact with the tablet screen.
• Interoperability: One-click "To Flow Map" transmits handwritten diagrams directly into interactive Flow Maps, and "Insert to Studio" sends mathematical annotations to LaTeX Studio drafts.

3. Desktop Application Refinements (Windows & macOS)

• Removed experimental companion tablet bridge buttons from the desktop header bar, preserving a restrained, professional interface on desktop monitors.
• Complete multi-platform package binaries updated and verified across Windows, macOS, and Android.

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Platform Packages

• Android Tablet: ResearchLoom-android-tablet.apk (Standalone APK with active stylus support)
• macOS (Apple Silicon): ResearchLoom-macOS-arm64.dmg
• Windows Portable: ResearchLoom.exe
• Windows Archive: ResearchLoom-windows-x64.zip

ResearchLoom v4.3.2 - Multi-Platform Desktop & Tablet Release

ResearchLoom v4.3.2: Multi-Platform Desktop & Tablet Release

ResearchLoom (also known as Samhita) is an autonomous academic literature synthesis engine, flow canvas explorer, and interactive research workbench. Version 4.3.2 introduces official multi-platform releases across Windows, macOS, and Android Tablets.

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What's New & Included in v4.3.2

1. Multi-Platform Binary Packages

• Windows Standalone Executable (\ResearchLoom.exe\ & \ResearchLoom-windows-x64.zip):
• Zero-setup single-file portable executable with embedded Python 3.12 backend, SQLite vault, and high-DPI frontend.
• macOS Disk Image (\ResearchLoom-macOS-arm64.dmg):
• Native Apple Silicon (M-series) application bundle. Drag-and-drop installation into the \Applications\ folder.
• Android Tablet Package (\ResearchLoom-android-tablet.apk):
• Native tablet build optimized for landscape displays (e.g. Samsung Galaxy Tab, Google Pixel Tablet, Lenovo Tab) with hardware active stylus integration.

2. Hardware Active Stylus & S-Pen Architecture

• Pressure Dynamics: Dynamic stroke thickness responsive to Samsung S-Pen and USI hardware pressure curves:
  \text{line width} = \text{baseWidth} \times (0.4 + 1.6 \times \text{pressure})
• Strict Palm Rejection: W3C Pointer Events Level 3 tracking isolates stylus pen tips from accidental palm contacts.
• Desktop UI Refinement: Streamlined the desktop navigation bar, keeping active stylus features dedicated to touch and tablet form factors.

3. Core Academic Features

• Discovery Cascade: Multi-index academic retrieval across OpenAlex Polite Pool, arXiv API, Crossref, and Europe PMC.
• Systematic Screening (PRISMA 2020): Interactive title/abstract screening workflow with automatic flowchart generation.
• Evidence Extraction Matrix: Multi-column data extraction with click-to-source bounding box verification and LaTeX table export.
• Mathematical Formula Studio: Interactive KaTeX formula blocks, model chaining, and export to LaTeX manuscript drafts.
• Privacy & Offline Vaulting: 100% offline document vaulting with client-side encrypted BYOK key storage (Groq, Gemini, OpenRouter).

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Installation & System Requirements

• Windows: Windows 10 or 11 (64-bit). Launch \ResearchLoom.exe.
• macOS: macOS 12 Monterey or later (Apple Silicon M1/M2/M3/M4). Open \ResearchLoom-macOS-arm64.dmg\ and drag to Applications.
• Android Tablets: Android 9.0 (API 28) or later. S-Pen / active stylus recommended for scratchpad drawing.

ResearchLoom v4.3.1

ResearchLoom (Samhita) v4.3.1 Release

Highlights & Fixes

• Systematic Screening & PRISMA 2020 Workflow: Normalized /api/screening/decision router endpoints; decisions are recorded with full immutable audit log provenance.
• Automated Evidence Extraction Matrix: Resolved /api/matrix/workspace 404s and enabled seamless AI cell extraction using configured BYOK keys alongside manual overrides.
• UI Anti-Clipping Overhaul: Resolved collision between the literature sources sidebar and the top navigation controls. Added responsive container breakpoints and reserved margin padding.
• Silky 60 FPS Flow Maps: Stripped layout-reflow transitions on cards and isolated single-click dragging from selection logic. Paper detail drawer opens exclusively on double-click.
• Data Sheets Studio Column Deletion: Added column deletion with confirmation dialogs.
• Zero Native Browser Popups: Replaced all raw browser �lert(), confirm(), and prompt() dialogs with custom dark glass modals and toasts (NativeDialogContext).

Standalone Windows Downloads

• ResearchLoom-v4.3.1-windows-x64.zip: Self-contained archive (Recommended).
• ResearchLoom.exe: Standalone single-file Windows executable (no Python or Node.js required).

ResearchLoom (Samhita) v4.2.0-beta.3: Resilient Large-Pool Synthesis & Vault Synchronization

Release Highlights (v4.2.0-beta.3)

• Chat Persistence & Anti-Fragmentation: Unified consecutive queries under a persistent local session key, eliminating duplicate notebook chats.
• Concurrent High-Speed Triage: Refactored Stage 1 abstract triage with parallel workers for ~4x speedups on large candidate pools.
• Document Vault Upsert & Disk Sync: Eliminated database duplicate collisions and added one-click disk reconciliation for bulk PDF downloads.
• Safe Chunked Bundling: 50-item batch downloading preventing browser HTTP timeouts.
• Markdown & LaTeX Integrity: Cleaned up escaped math delimiters across documentation and grounded research chat.

Assets Included

• \ResearchLoom-v4.2.0-beta.3-windows-x64.zip: Portable standalone release package.
• \ResearchLoom.exe: Single-file Windows 10/11 64-bit binary.

ResearchLoom (Samhita) v4.2.0-beta.2

Fixed and Added in v4.2.0-beta.2%0A- Gemini & Groq Model Upgrade: Migrated to official gemini-3.8-flash and llama-3.3-70b-versatile, resolving HTTP 404 model_not_found errors.%0A- Copilot Diagnostics: Replaced generic fallback copy with genuine error detail inspection; rebranded to ResearchLoom (Samhita) Copilot and added in-drawer ModelSwitcherPill.%0A- Iterative Candidate Pooling: Search 5-10 queries consecutively within the same project; candidates automatically accumulate into a deduplicated pool before synthesis.

Full Changelog: v4.2.0-beta.1...v4.2.0-beta.2