23.8 Backport of #57395 - Fix ALTER COLUMN with ALIAS

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Changelog category (leave one):

• Bug Fix (user-visible misbehavior in an official stable release)

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Fix ALTER COLUMN with ALIAS that previously threw the NO_SUCH_COLUMN_IN_TABLE exception. (ClickHouse#57395 by @evillique)

[altinity-robot]

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