References

Accessibility theory and measurement

• Geurs, K.T. & van Wee, B. (2004). Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions. Journal of Transport Geography 12(2), 127-140. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005 The standard reference for the four components and four measurement perspectives.
• Geurs, K.T. & Ritsema van Eck, J.R. (2001). Accessibility measures: review and applications. Evaluation of accessibility impacts of land-use transportation scenarios, and related social and economic impact. RIVM report 408505 006. PDF Source of the log logistic decay parameters used in Distance decay functions.
• Hansen, W.G. (1959). How accessibility shapes land use. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 25(2), 73-76. doi:10.1080/01944365908978307 The origin of the potential measure.
• Handy, S.L. & Niemeier, D.A. (1997). Measuring accessibility: an exploration of issues and alternatives. Environment and Planning A 29(7), 1175-1194. doi:10.1068/a291175
• Hägerstrand, T. (1970). What about people in regional science? Papers in Regional Science 24(1), 7-21. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5597.1970.tb01464.x The basis of person based measures.

Competition corrected measures

• Shen, Q. (1998). Location characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods and employment accessibility of low-wage workers. Environment and Planning B 25(3), 345-365. doi:10.1068/b250345
• Luo, W. & Wang, F. (2003). Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region. Environment and Planning B 30(6), 865-884. doi:10.1068/b29120 The two step floating catchment area method.

Spatial interaction

• Wilson, A.G. (1967). A statistical theory of spatial distribution models. Transportation Research 1(3), 253-269. doi:10.1016/0041-1647(67)90035-4 The entropy maximising derivation.
• Wilson, A.G. (1971). A family of spatial interaction models, and associated developments. Environment and Planning A 3(1), 1-32. doi:10.1068/a030001 The four constrained models.
• Alonso, W. (1973). National interregional demographic accounts: a prototype. Monograph 17, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley. The first presentation of the model, as part of a demographic model for the United States. No DOI.
• Alonso, W. (1978). A theory of movements. In: Hansen, N.M. (ed.), Human Settlement Systems: International Perspectives on Structure, Change and Public Policy, Ballinger, Cambridge MA, 197-211. The General Theory of Movement as a general framework. No DOI; the model is set out in full in De Vries et al. below.
• Bikker, J.A. (1987). An international trade flow model with substitution: an extension of the gravity model. Kyklos 40(3), 315-337. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00683.x Essentially the same model, derived independently.
• Fotheringham, A.S. & O'Kelly, M.E. (1989). Spatial Interaction Models: Formulations and Applications. Kluwer, Dordrecht. Book, no DOI.
• De Vries, J.J., Nijkamp, P. & Rietveld, P. (2000). Alonso's theory of movements: developments in spatial interaction modeling. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 2000-062/3. PDF The review followed in Spatial Interaction Models, and the reference implemented by the GeoDMS interaction option. It also surveys the later discussion of the GTM by Hua, Ledent, Anselin, Wilson and others, which is where to look for those primary sources.

Algorithms

• Dijkstra, E.W. (1959). A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numerische Mathematik 1(1), 269-271. doi:10.1007/BF01386390
• Delling, D., Pajor, T. & Werneck, R.F. (2015). Round-based public transit routing. Transportation Science 49(3), 591-604. doi:10.1287/trsc.2014.0534 RAPTOR, see Public transport routing.

Object Vision and PBL

• Dutch national network model (PBL)
• Worldwide network model
• European network model
• PBL (2024). Beter bereikbaar?
• PBL (2022). Toegang voor iedereen?
• objectvision.nl, accessibility

Software documentation

The methods described in this wiki are implemented in the GeoDMS. The reference documentation is on geodms.nl:

• Network functions, the whole family
• Impedance general, the Dijkstra implementation
• Impedance key entities, nodes and links
• Impedance functions, how to apply them
• Impedance options, filters, alternative impedance and the interaction model
• Impedance interaction potential, recovering $t_{ij}$ and $M_{ij}$ per od-pair
• Impedance links, including the notation bridge between De Vries et al. and the GeoDMS symbols