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References
Jip Claassens edited this page Aug 3, 2026
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- Geurs, K.T. & van Wee, B. (2004). Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and research directions. Journal of Transport Geography 12(2), 127-140. The standard reference for the four components and four measurement perspectives.
- Geurs, K.T. & Ritsema van Eck, J.R. (2001). Accessibility measures: review and applications. Evaluation of accessibility impacts of land-use transportation scenarios, and related social and economic impact. RIVM/PBL. Source of the log logistic decay parameters used in Distance decay functions.
- Handy, S.L. & Niemeier, D.A. (1997). Measuring accessibility: an exploration of issues and alternatives. Environment and Planning A 29(7), 1175-1194.
- Hansen, W.G. (1959). How accessibility shapes land use. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 25(2), 73-76. The origin of the potential measure.
- Hägerstrand, T. (1970). What about people in regional science? Papers of the Regional Science Association 24, 6-21. The basis of person based measures.
- Shen, Q. (1998). Location characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods and employment accessibility of low-wage workers. Environment and Planning B 25(3), 345-365.
- Luo, W. & Wang, F. (2003). Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment. Environment and Planning B 30(6), 865-884. The two step floating catchment area method.
- Wilson, A.G. (1967). A statistical theory of spatial distribution models. Transportation Research 1(3), 253-269. The entropy maximising derivation.
- Wilson, A.G. (1971). A family of spatial interaction models, and associated developments. Environment and Planning A 3(1), 1-32. The four constrained models.
- Alonso, W. (1978). A theory of movements. In: Hansen, N.M. (ed.), Human Settlement Systems, Ballinger, Cambridge MA, 197-211. The General Theory of Movement.
- Bikker, J.A. (1987). An international trade flow model with substitution: an extension of the gravity model. Kyklos 40(3), 315-337. The same model derived independently.
- Hua, C. (1999). Rethinking the General Theory of Movement. Discussion of the systemic variables.
- Fotheringham, A.S. & O'Kelly, M.E. (1989). Spatial Interaction Models: Formulations and Applications. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
- De Vries, J.J., Nijkamp, P. & Rietveld, P. (2000). Alonso's theory of movements: developments in spatial interaction modeling. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 2000-062/3. The review followed in Spatial Interaction Models.
- Dijkstra, E.W. (1959). A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numerische Mathematik 1, 269-271.
- Delling, D., Pajor, T. & Werneck, R.F. (2015). Round-based public transit routing. Transportation Science 49(3), 591-604. RAPTOR, see Public transport routing.
- Dutch national network model (PBL)
- Worldwide network model
- European network model
- PBL (2024). Beter bereikbaar?
- PBL (2022). Toegang voor iedereen?
- objectvision.nl, accessibility
- geodms.nl, including network functions and impedance functions
- objectvision.nl, land use
Accessibility modelling documentation
© Object Vision BV. Documentation under CC BY-SA 4.0, source code under GNU GPL v3.

Concepts
Networks
- Network data sources
- OSM
- NWB
- GTFS
- Building a routable network
- Network optimisation algorithm
- Travel speeds per mode
Origins & destinations
Computation
- Shortest path and the Dijkstra algorithm
- Origin Destination matrix (trip table)
- Isochrones and catchment areas
- Public transport routing
Indicators
Applications
Network models
Reference