simulation-eip

Simulation data and figures for the paper:

"Dynamic Fee Markets at Sub-Second Timescales: Adapting EIP-1559 for High-Throughput Blockchains" Petar Zhivkov, Eric Chen Mathematics, MDPI, 2026.

Contents

latex/

Final figures used in the published paper:

• scenario2_* — Variable demand (sine wave) scenarios
• scenario3_* — Demand spikes scenarios
• scenario4_* — Spam attack scenarios
• extended_sine_1000.png, extended_spam_1000.png — Extended 1000-block horizon validation
• 150M_demand_spikes.png, 150M_spam_attack.png — Injective mainnet validation figures

simulation_results/

Final simulation CSV data files at the calibrated parameter r_max = 0.05:

• injective_scenario2_*_rmax005.csv — Variable demand runs (per-block and MA-25)
• injective_scenario3_*_rmax005.csv — Demand spikes runs (per-block and MA-25)
• injective_scenario4_*_rmax005.csv — Spam attack runs (per-block and MA-25)
• sensitivity_h2_ma_window_rmax005.csv — Moving average window sensitivity analysis

Abstract

EIP-1559 dynamic fee mechanisms have been extensively studied for Ethereum's 12-second block environment but remain uncharacterized at sub-second timescales. This paper presents an agent-based simulation study of an EIP-1559 adaptation for Injective, a Layer 1 blockchain operating at 600 ms block times. Across twelve simulation runs, the analysis finds that: (1) temporal smoothing mechanisms produce mixed effects at sub-second cadence with per-block adjustment being preferable; (2) transitioning to a 300M gas limit reduces peak fees by 31% under variable demand; and (3) per-block mechanisms establish spam barriers in 17-32 seconds versus Ethereum's 4-6 minutes. Results are validated against live Injective mainnet data.