🔹 Arduino Basics: Arduino = Open-source prototype platform (hardware + software). Software: Arduino IDE (C++ based). No extra programmer needed, uses USB. Reads inputs (sensors) → gives outputs (LEDs, motors, etc.).
🔹 Arduino Board Types: ATmega328 boards: Uno, Nano, Pro Mini, Red Board, etc. ATmega32u4 boards: Pro Micro, Lilypad USB. ATmega2560 boards: Mega 2560. ARM-based: Arduino Due. Vary by voltage (3.3V/5V), clock (8–16 MHz), I/O pins.
🔹 Raspberry Pi Overview: Credit-card-sized mini-computer, runs Raspbian OS. Used for coding, automation, sensors, IoT. Ports: USB, HDMI, Ethernet, Audio Jack, GPIO. Programming: Python (using Thonny IDE).
🔹 Arduino Programs: Serial Communication: Send/receive via HyperTerminal. Sensors: LDR (light), LM35 (temp), Thermistor. Stepper Motor: Controlled via ULN2003 driver. Accelerometer (MPU6050): Reads and displays 3-axis motion data.