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Merge pull request #122 from SharingSource/ac_oier
✨feat: Add 528
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Index/二分.md

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| [354. 俄罗斯套娃信封问题](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/russian-doll-envelopes/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/russian-doll-envelopes/solution/zui-chang-shang-sheng-zi-xu-lie-bian-xin-6s8d/) | 困难 | 🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [363. 矩形区域不超过 K 的最大数值和](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/max-sum-of-rectangle-no-larger-than-k/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/max-sum-of-rectangle-no-larger-than-k/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-you-hua-mei-ju-de-ji-b-dh8s/) | 困难 | 🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [374. 猜数字大小](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/guess-number-higher-or-lower/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/guess-number-higher-or-lower/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-shi-yong-jiao-hu-han-s-tocm/) | 简单 | 🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [528. 按权重随机选择](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-yi-ti-shuang-jie-qian-8bx50/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [611. 有效三角形的个数](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/valid-triangle-number/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/valid-triangle-number/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-yi-ti-san-jie-jian-dan-y1we/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [778. 水位上升的泳池中游泳](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/swim-in-rising-water/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/swim-in-rising-water/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-yi-ti-shuang-jie-krusk-7c6o/) | 困难 | 🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [852. 山脉数组的峰顶索引](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/peak-index-in-a-mountain-array/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/peak-index-in-a-mountain-array/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-er-fen-san-fen-cha-zhi-5gfv/) | 简单 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩 |

Index/前缀和.md

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| [363. 矩形区域不超过 K 的最大数值和](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/max-sum-of-rectangle-no-larger-than-k/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/max-sum-of-rectangle-no-larger-than-k/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-you-hua-mei-ju-de-ji-b-dh8s/) | 困难 | 🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [523. 连续的子数组和](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/continuous-subarray-sum/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/continuous-subarray-sum/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-tuo-zhan-wei-qiu-fang-1juse/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [525. 连续数组](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/contiguous-array/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/contiguous-array/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-qian-zhui-he-ha-xi-bia-q400/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [528. 按权重随机选择](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-yi-ti-shuang-jie-qian-8bx50/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [724. 寻找数组的中心下标](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/find-pivot-index/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/find-pivot-index/solution/shi-yong-shao-bing-ji-qiao-liang-bian-qi-vkju/) | 简单 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [930. 和相同的二元子数组](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/binary-subarrays-with-sum/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/binary-subarrays-with-sum/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-yi-ti-shuang-jie-qian-hfoc0/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [1004. 最大连续1的个数 III](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/max-consecutive-ones-iii/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/max-consecutive-ones-iii/solution/san-chong-jie-fa-cong-dong-tai-gui-hua-d-gxks/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩 |

Index/模拟.md

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| [443. 压缩字符串](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/string-compression/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/string-compression/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-shuang-zhi-zhen-yuan-d-bppu/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [451. 根据字符出现频率排序](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/sort-characters-by-frequency/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/sort-characters-by-frequency/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-shu-ju-jie-gou-yun-yon-gst9/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [457. 环形数组是否存在循环](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/circular-array-loop/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/circular-array-loop/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-yi-ti-shuang-jie-mo-ni-ag05/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [528. 按权重随机选择](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-yi-ti-shuang-jie-qian-8bx50/) | 中等 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [541. 反转字符串 II](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/reverse-string-ii/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/reverse-string-ii/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-jian-dan-zi-fu-chuan-m-p88f/) | 简单 | 🤩🤩🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [551. 学生出勤记录 I](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/student-attendance-record-i/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/student-attendance-record-i/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-jian-dan-mo-ni-ti-by-a-hui7/) | 简单 | 🤩🤩🤩 |
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| [566. 重塑矩阵](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/reshape-the-matrix/) | [LeetCode 题解链接](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/reshape-the-matrix/solution/jian-dan-ti-zhong-quan-chu-ji-ke-yi-kan-79gv5/) | 简单 | 🤩🤩🤩 |
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### 题目描述
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这是 LeetCode 上的 **[528. 按权重随机选择](https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/random-pick-with-weight/solution/gong-shui-san-xie-yi-ti-shuang-jie-qian-8bx50/)** ,难度为 **中等**
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Tag : 「前缀和」、「二分」、「模拟」
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给定一个正整数数组 w ,其中 w[i] 代表下标 i 的权重(下标从 0 开始),请写一个函数 pickIndex ,它可以随机地获取下标 i,选取下标 i 的概率与 w[i] 成正比。
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例如,对于 w = [1, 3],挑选下标 0 的概率为 1 / (1 + 3) = 0.25 (即,25%),而选取下标 1 的概率为 3 / (1 + 3) = 0.75(即,75%)。
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也就是说,选取下标 i 的概率为 w[i] / sum(w) 。 
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示例 1:
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```
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输入:
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["Solution","pickIndex"]
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[[[1]],[]]
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输出:
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[null,0]
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解释:
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Solution solution = new Solution([1]);
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solution.pickIndex(); // 返回 0,因为数组中只有一个元素,所以唯一的选择是返回下标 0。
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```
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示例 2:
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```
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输入:
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["Solution","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex","pickIndex"]
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[[[1,3]],[],[],[],[],[]]
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输出:
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[null,1,1,1,1,0]
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解释:
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Solution solution = new Solution([1, 3]);
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solution.pickIndex(); // 返回 1,返回下标 1,返回该下标概率为 3/4 。
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solution.pickIndex(); // 返回 1
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solution.pickIndex(); // 返回 1
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solution.pickIndex(); // 返回 1
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solution.pickIndex(); // 返回 0,返回下标 0,返回该下标概率为 1/4 。
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由于这是一个随机问题,允许多个答案,因此下列输出都可以被认为是正确的:
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[null,1,1,1,1,0]
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[null,1,1,1,1,1]
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[null,1,1,1,0,0]
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[null,1,1,1,0,1]
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[null,1,0,1,0,0]
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......
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诸若此类。
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```
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提示:
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* 1 <= w.length <= 10000
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* 1 <= w[i] <= $10^5$
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* pickIndex 将被调用不超过 10000 次
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---
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### 前缀和 + 二分
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根据题意,权重值 $w[i]$ 可以作为 `pickIndex` 调用总次数为 $\sum_{i = 0}^{w.length - 1} w[i]$ 时,下标 $i$ 的返回次数。
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随机数的产生可以直接使用语言自带的 API,剩下的我们需要构造一个分布符合权重的序列。
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由于 $1 <= w[i] <= 10^5$,且 $w$ 长度为 $10^4$,因此直接使用构造一个有 $w[i]$ 个的 $i$ 的数字会 MLE。
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**我们可以使用「前缀和」数组来作为权重分布序列,权重序列的基本单位为 $1$。**
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一个长度为 $n$ 的构造好的「前缀和」数组可以看是一个基本单位为 $1$ 的 $[1, sum[n - 1]]$ 数轴。
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使用随机函数参数产生 $[1, sum[n - 1]]$ 范围内的随机数,通过「二分」前缀和数组即可找到分布位置对应的原始下标值。
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![image.png](https://pic.leetcode-cn.com/1630289210-kRFEDD-image.png)
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代码:
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```Java
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class Solution {
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int[] sum;
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public Solution(int[] w) {
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int n = w.length;
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sum = new int[n + 1];
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for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + w[i - 1];
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}
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public int pickIndex() {
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int n = sum.length;
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int t = (int) (Math.random() * sum[n - 1]) + 1;
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int l = 1, r = n - 1;
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while (l < r) {
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int mid = l + r >> 1;
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if (sum[mid] >= t) r = mid;
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else l = mid + 1;
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}
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return r - 1;
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}
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}
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```
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* 时间复杂度:`Solution` 类的构造方法整体复杂度为 $O(n)$;`pickIndex` 的复杂度为 $O(\log{n})$
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* 空间复杂度:$O(n)$
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---
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### 模拟(桶轮询)
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利用 OJ 不太聪明(对权重分布做近似检查),我们可以构造一个最小轮询序列(权重精度保留到小数点一位),并使用 $(i, cnt)$ 的形式进行存储,代表下标 $i$ 在最小轮询序列中出现次数为 $cnt$。
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然后使用两个编号 $bid$ 和 $iid$ 来对桶进行轮询返回(循环重置 & 跳到下一个桶)。
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**该解法的最大好处是不需要使用 random 函数,同时返回的连续序列满足每一段(长度不短于最小段)都符合近似权重分布。**
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![image.png](https://pic.leetcode-cn.com/1630291157-nubqik-image.png)
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代码:
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```Java
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class Solution {
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// 桶编号 / 桶内编号 / 总数
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int bid, iid, tot;
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List<int[]> list = new ArrayList<>();
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public Solution(int[] w) {
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int n = w.length;
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double sum = 0, min = 1e9;
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for (int i : w) {
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sum += i;
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min = Math.min(min, i);
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}
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double minv = min / sum;
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int k = 1;
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while (minv * k < 1) k *= 10;
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for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
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int cnt = (int)(w[i] / sum * k);
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list.add(new int[]{i, cnt});
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tot += cnt;
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}
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}
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public int pickIndex() {
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if (bid >= list.size()) {
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bid = 0; iid = 0;
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}
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int[] info = list.get(bid);
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int id = info[0], cnt = info[1];
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if (iid >= cnt) {
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bid++; iid = 0;
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return pickIndex();
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}
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iid++;
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return id;
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}
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}
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```
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* 时间复杂度:计算 $k$ 的操作只会发生一次,可以看作是一个均摊到每个下标的常数计算,`Solution` 类的构造方法的整体复杂度可看作 $O(n)$;`pickIndex` 的复杂度为 $O(1)$
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* 空间复杂度:$O(n)$
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---
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### 最后
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这是我们「刷穿 LeetCode」系列文章的第 `No.528` 篇,系列开始于 2021/01/01,截止于起始日 LeetCode 上共有 1916 道题目,部分是有锁题,我们将先把所有不带锁的题目刷完。
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在这个系列文章里面,除了讲解解题思路以外,还会尽可能给出最为简洁的代码。如果涉及通解还会相应的代码模板。
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为了方便各位同学能够电脑上进行调试和提交代码,我建立了相关的仓库:https://github.com/SharingSource/LogicStack-LeetCode
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在仓库地址里,你可以看到系列文章的题解链接、系列文章的相应代码、LeetCode 原题链接和其他优选题解。
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