Simulation-Software-Engineering · MakisH · Oct 28, 2025 · Oct 27, 2025 · Oct 28, 2025 · Oct 28, 2025
diff --git a/02_virtualization_and_containers/containers_slides.md b/02_virtualization_and_containers/containers_slides.md
diff --git a/02_virtualization_and_containers/docker_slides.md b/02_virtualization_and_containers/docker_slides.md
@@ -23,46 +23,50 @@ slideOptions:
   }
 </style>
 
-# Docker
+# Containers with Docker
 
-<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Docker_logo.svg/2560px-Docker_logo.svg.png" width=40%; style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 25px">
+<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Docker_%28container_engine%29_logo.png" width=40%; style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 25px">
 
 <small>Image by https://www.docker.com/, Fair use, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=70663056</small>
 
 ---
 
-## What is Docker? 1/3
+## What is a Container?
 
-- Docker Inc.
-- Docker Desktop
+<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Simulation-Software-Engineering/Lecture-Material/main/02_virtualization_and_containers/figs/container-sketch.png" width=30%; style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 25px">
 
-    > Developer productivity tools and a local Kubernetes environment.
-
-- Docker Engine
-
-    > an open source containerization technology for building and containerizing your applications.
+- Container operates in "fenced off" part of the operating system (`namespaces`)
+- Lower overhead than a virtual machine
+    - Runs on kernel (and libraries) of the host OS
+    - Cheap to start and stop a container
+- Available features depend on Host (Linux, Windows)
+- Container can be isolated.
 
 ---
 
-## What is Docker? 2/3
-
-- Docker Hub
-
-    > Cloud-based application registry and development team collaboration services.
+## Common Use-Cases
 
-- Docker Compose
-
-    > a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications.
+- Microservices
+- Reproducible environments for developing and testing (DevOps)
+- More and more in science
+    - High-performance computing, "Bring Your Own Environment"
+    - Reproducible research
 
 ---
 
-## What is Docker? 3/3
+## Container Solutions
 
-> Docker is an open platform for developing, shipping, and running applications.
+- Plenty of different container formats
+    - [lxc/lxd](https://linuxcontainers.org/), [Docker](https://www.docker.com/), [podman](https://podman.io/), [Apptainer](https://apptainer.org/), [Sarus](https://user.cscs.ch/tools/containers/sarus/)...
+- Different solutions with different strengths due to different use cases
+    - Working on the (Super-)Userspace
+    - Direct access to hardware vs. encapsulation
+    - Generic or with integration in software ecosystem (e.g. job schedulers)
+- Common standard: [Open Container Initiative (OCI)](https://opencontainers.org/)
 
 ---
 
-## Introduction
+## Docker
 
 - 2010: Docker Inc. founded
 - 2013: First Docker release
@@ -73,16 +77,6 @@ slideOptions:
 
 ---
 
-## Typical Docker Applications
-
-- Applications as Microservices
-- Containers for consistent development environment
-- Containers for consistent testing environment
-- Portable format for sharing applications
-- Avoid tedious installation procedures by providing Docker container ([FEniCS](https://fenicsproject.org/download/), [OpenFOAM](https://www.openfoam.com/download/openfoam-installation-on-windows-docker), [GitLab](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/install/docker.html), etc.)
-
----
-
 ## Building Blocks 1/2
 
 - Docker objects
@@ -244,12 +238,6 @@ Details available in [`docker_demo.md`](https://github.com/Simulation-Software-E
 
 ---
 
-## Demo: Run FEniCS Container
-
-Details available in [`docker_demo.md`](https://github.com/Simulation-Software-Engineering/Lecture-Material/blob/main/02_virtualization_and_containers/docker_demo.md)
-
----
-
 ## Advanced Topics
 
 - User ID mapping

diff --git a/02_virtualization_and_containers/singularity_demo.md b/02_virtualization_and_containers/singularity_demo.md
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
     ```Singularity
     BootStrap: docker
-    From: ubuntu:22.04
+    From: precice/precice
 
     %post
     apt-get -y update
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     export PATH=/usr/games:$PATH
 
     %runscript
-    date | cowsay | lolcat
+    precice-tools --version | cowsay | lolcat
     ```
 
 - Show file `lolcow.def` content

diff --git a/02_virtualization_and_containers/singularity_slides.md b/02_virtualization_and_containers/singularity_slides.md
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Details available in [`singularity_demo.md`](https://github.com/Simulation-Softw
 - Special container format for scientific computing
 - Immutable containers in a single file
 - Prefers integration over isolation
-- Other solutions: [Sarus](https://user.cscs.ch/tools/containers/sarus/), [Charliecloud](https://hpc.github.io/charliecloud/)
+- Other solutions: [Sarus](https://user.cscs.ch/tools/containers/sarus/), [Charliecloud](https://charliecloud.io/latest/index.html)
 
 ---
 

diff --git a/02_virtualization_and_containers/vagrant_slides.md b/02_virtualization_and_containers/vagrant_slides.md
@@ -55,13 +55,8 @@ slideOptions:
 ## What for?
 
 - Developing software
-    - Set up consistent development environment
-    - Share environment with others
+    - Set up / share consistent development environment
 - Testing software, workflows...
-    - Disposable environments
-    - Consistent workflows
-- More general
-    - Simple way to setup virtual machine
 - Reproducible environment
 
 ---
@@ -70,12 +65,11 @@ slideOptions:
 
 - Strong focus on workflow consistency
 - (Re)use existing images
-- Automatize VM creation and configuration
+- Automate VM creation and configuration
     - Easier than with VirtualBox CLI and shell scripts
 - Store in Git-friendly format
-- For us:
-    - Management of VirtualBox VMs (testing, developing...)
-    - Sharing of VMs (debugging, workshops...)
+
+> "If you can't git diff a file format, it's broken."
 
 ---
 
@@ -133,7 +127,7 @@ Details available in [`vagrant_demo.md`](https://github.com/Simulation-Software-
     ```ruby
     Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
         config.vm.box = "bento/ubuntu-24.04"
-        config.vm.box_version = "202407.23.0"
+        config.vm.box_version = "202510.26.0"
     end
     ```
 

diff --git a/02_virtualization_and_containers/virtualbox_slides.md b/02_virtualization_and_containers/virtualbox_slides.md
@@ -24,17 +24,49 @@ slideOptions:
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-# VirtualBox
+# Virtual machines with VirtualBox
 
 <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/VirtualBox_2024_Logo.svg" width=20%; style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 25px">
 
 ---
 
-## Introduction
+## What is a Virtual Machine?
+
+<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Simulation-Software-Engineering/Lecture-Material/main/02_virtualization_and_containers/figs/virtualmachine-sketch.png" width=40%; style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; padding-top: 25px; padding-bottom: 25px">
+
+- A computer inside your computer, with its own OS and resources
+- Virtual Machines are portable and flexible
+
+---
+
+## (Some) Features of Virtual Machines
+
+- Exclusive access to some of your resources
+- Behaves like a native installation
+- Isolation from host operating system
+- Popular for
+    - Safety critical tasks
+    - Development and testing
+    - Wherever one wants a portable solution
+
+---
+
+## Types of Hypervisors
+
+- **Type 1**
+    - Runs directly on bare-metal hardware, like the host OS
+    - Examples: [Microsoft Hyper-V](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/about/), [VMware ESXi](https://www.vmware.com/products/esxi-and-esx.html), [Xen](https://xenproject.org/), [KVM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine), ...
+- **Type 2**
+    - Negotiates resources shared with a host OS
+    - Examples: [VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/), [VMWare Workstation Player](https://www.vmware.com/products/workstation-player.html), [Parallels](https://www.parallels.com/eu/products/desktop/)...
+
+---
+
+## VirtualBox
 
 - Hosted hypervisor created by Innotek GmbH (Weinstadt, Germany)
 - Obtained by Sun Microsystems in 2008. Since 2010, owned by Oracle
-- Open source (GPLv3)
+- Free software (GPLv3)
 
 ---
 
@@ -50,14 +82,12 @@ slideOptions:
 
 ---
 
-## Virtual Hard Drive Formats
+## Note on CPU architectures
 
-- Virtual hard drive as a file
-- Multiple formats, for example:
-    - **VDI**: "Virtual Disk Image", VirtualBox' native format
-    - **VHD**: Format used by Microsoft
-    - **VMDK**: VMWare's virtual disk format
-    - Support for dynamic allocation
+- VirtualBox runs both on x86 and ARM
+- ARM hosts need ARM VMs (no emulation)
+- Linux support limited/recent (e.g., Ubuntu 25.10)
+- Emulation alternative (very slow): [UTM](https://mac.getutm.app/)
 
 ---
 
@@ -89,21 +119,10 @@ Details available in [`virtualbox_demo.md`](https://github.com/Simulation-Softwa
 
 ---
 
-## Summary and Outlook
-
-- VirtualBox is an open-source system for virtual machines
-- Simple to set up and run
-- Manual setup, but command-line interface exists
-- Next step: Infrastructure as code
-    - Consistency of the environment?
-    - How to share a VM image with others?
-
-    > "If you can't git diff a file format, it's broken."
-
----
-
 ## Further Reading
 
 - [VirtualBox Manual](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/UserManual.html)
+- [VirtualBox Manual: 1. First Steps](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch01.html)
 - [VirtualBox Manual: 4. Guest Additions](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch04.html)
+- [VirtualBox Manual: 13. Security Guide](https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch13.html)
 - [Overview of different disk formats](https://www.parallels.com/blogs/ras/vdi-vs-vhd-vs-vmdk/)