perf(asyncThrottle): Improve performance

[webNeat]

Hello @TkDodo

This is my attempt to fix the issue #6489 by improving the performance of asyncThrottle

Here is the code of a simple benchmark I did https://gist.github.com/webNeat/d4444931e0d2d37502815c6e7b0b6a1e

The results on my machine (running with Node):

The avg time it takes in milliseconds to run 1_000_000 times
old version: 127
new version: 19

I didn't add any new tests because I kept the exact same behavior as before.

Let me know what you think about this implementation.

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[TkDodo]

nice work 👏 . I trust the test coverage here, if everything is still green, I'll merge this