Feat/add client version headers

[jaimeferj]

Closes #2373

Rationale for this change

This PR adds client version and git commit tracking headers to match the Java Iceberg client implementation. The Java client sends
X-Client-Version and X-Client-Git-Commit-Short headers with all REST catalog requests for better client tracking and debugging.

This implementation:

• Uses setuptools_scm to capture git version information at build time
• Extracts the short git commit hash from the version string
• Sends both headers with all REST catalog HTTP requests

This provides better visibility into which PyIceberg versions and builds are making requests to REST catalogs, helping with
debugging and client tracking.

Are these changes tested?

Yes

• Added test_client_version_headers to verify both headers are set correctly
• Test validates that X-Client-Version matches the package version
• Test validates that X-Client-Git-Commit-Short is a valid 7-character hex git hash
• All existing tests continue to pass

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes, but minimal:

• REST catalog HTTP requests now include two additional headers: X-Client-Version and X-Client-Git-Commit-Short
• This is transparent to users and doesn't affect the API or behavior
• Server-side operators may see these new headers in their logs for better client tracking

[Fokko]

Thanks @jaimeferj for working on this. Wouldn't this make the User-Agent header the line above redundant?

[kevinjqliu]

java's HTTP client uses X-Client-Version might be good to align, even though its redundant :)

https://github.com/apache/iceberg/blob/68e555b94f4706a2af41dcb561c84007230c0bc1/core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/rest/HTTPClient.java#L533-L534

[Fokko]

Good one, thanks!

[kevinjqliu]

Thanks for the PR!

Looks like there are a lot of changes here just to plumb through a commit hash. Honestly, I dont know how useful that is.
Pyiceberg builds are immutable. Once we build, 0.10.0, it will always use the same commit.

I think sending a pyiceberg.__version__ is enough to identity the client.

WDYT?

[kevinjqliu]

java's HTTP client uses X-Client-Version might be good to align, even though its redundant :)

https://github.com/apache/iceberg/blob/68e555b94f4706a2af41dcb561c84007230c0bc1/core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/rest/HTTPClient.java#L533-L534