RawArray is a simple file format for storing n-dimensional arrays. The extension
.ra can be pronounced arr-ay or rah (as in "raw", or the Egyptian sun
god).
RawArray was designed to be portable, fast, and storage efficient. For scientific applications in particular, it can allow the simple storage of large arrays without a separate header file to store the dimensions and type metadata.
I believe the world doesn't need another hierarchical data container. We already have one of those---it's called a filesystem. What is needed is a simple one-to-one mapping of data structures to disk files that preserves metadata and is fast and simple to read and write.
In addition to int, uint, and float of arbitrary sizes, RawArray also supports
(1) complex floats: which other common formats, such as HDF5, don't have.
(2) composite types: RawArray handles reading and writing these, but the encoding and decoding of those is left to the user, since only they can know the structure of their struct. Decoding can be as simple as a typecast, however, for types of fixed size. In Rust they are read as a Vec<T>, so you are free to handle it as you like.
As an aside, the RawArray format is technically recursive (or fractal?!). You could store an array of RawArray files in a RawArray file if you want by defining the file as a composite type.
The file format is a simple concatenation of a header array and a data array. The header is made up of at least seven 64-bit unsigned integers. The array data is whatever you want it to be. Optionally text or binary metadata can be appended to the end of the file with no harmful effects, but this data is not saved or written back out by the library. It is up to you to keep track of it.
| offset (bytes) | object | type | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| HEADER | |||
| 0 | magic | UInt64 | magic number |
| 8 | flags | UInt64 | endianness, future options |
| 16 | eltype | UInt64 | element type code |
| 24 | elbyte | UInt64 | element size in bytes |
| 32 | size | UInt64 | data segment length in bytes |
| 40 | ndims | UInt64 | number of array dimensions |
| 48 | dims | Vector{UInt64} | array dimensions |
| 48 + 8 x ndims | data | Vector{UInt8} | ARRAY DATA |
| 48 + 8 x ndims + size | - | - | VOLATILE METADATA |
| code | type |
|---|---|
| 0 | user-defined |
| 1 | signed integer |
| 2 | unsigned integer |
| 3 | floating point (IEEE-754 standard) |
| 4 | complex float (pairs of IEEE floats) |
| 5 | brain floats |
The width of these types is defined separately in the elbyte field. For example,
- a 32-bit unsigned integer would be
eltype = 2,elbyte = 4; - a single-precision complex float (pairs of 32-bit floats) would be
eltype = 4,elbyte = 8; - a string would be
eltype = 2,elbyte = 1, andsizewould contain the length of the string.
The user-defined struct
struct Foo {
info: [u8; 12],
index: u32,
v: [f32; 8],
}
contains a 12-byte array, a 4-byte int, and 8 8-byte floats, so the total size is 80 bytes. It would be coded as eltype = 0, elbyte = 80.
The data is written and read as the binary representation of the hardware you are on. Right now little endian is assumed, but big endian support can be added if there is interest.
The RawArray format is column major, so the first dimension will be the fastest varying one in memory. This decision was made because the majority of scientific languages are traditionally column major, and although C is technically row major it is actually agnostic in applications where multi-dimensional arrays are accessed through computed linear indices (e.g. CUDA). Of the supplied examples, all are column major except Python. In the case of Python, instead of reading the array into Python and reordering to non-optimal stride, we simply transpose the dimensions before writing and after reading. This means the array looks transposed in Python, but the same dimensions have the same strides in all languages. In other words, the last dimension of the array in Python will be the first one in Julia and Matlab.
To get a better handle on the format of an RawArray file, let's look inside one. If you are on a Unix system or have Cygwin installed on Windows, you can examine the contents of an RawArray file using command line tools. For this section, we will use the test.ra file provided in the julia/ subdirectory.
First, let's pretend you don't know the dimensionality of the array. Then
> od -t uL -N 48 test.ra
0000000 8746397786917265778 0
0000020 4 8
0000040 96 2
0000060
shows the dimension (2) as the second number on the third line. The command is extracting the first 48 bytes and formatting them as UInt64s. The ridiculous number listed first is the magic number indicating that this is an RawArray file. A slightly different command illuminates that:
> od -a -N 16 test.ra
0000000 r a w a r r a y nul nul nul nul nul nul nul nul
0000020
Armed with the knowledge that the array is 2D, we know that the header is 48 + 2*8 = 64 bytes long. The command to skip the header and view only the data would be:
> od -j 64 -f test.ra
0000100 0.000000e+00 -inf 1.000000e+00 -1.000000e+00
0000120 2.000000e+00 -5.000000e-01 3.000000e+00 -3.333333e-01
0000140 4.000000e+00 -2.500000e-01 5.000000e+00 -2.000000e-01
0000160 6.000000e+00 -1.666667e-01 7.000000e+00 -1.428571e-01
0000200 8.000000e+00 -1.250000e-01 9.000000e+00 -1.111111e-01
0000220 1.000000e+01 -1.000000e-01 1.100000e+01 -9.090909e-02
0000240
Here we are using -j to skip the first 64 bytes and -f to format the byte data as single-precision floats. Note od doesn't understand complex numbers, but the complex data is stored as real and imaginary float pairs that are contiguous on disk. This means that each line of the output is showing two complex numbers with columns 1 and 3 the real parts and columns 2 and 4 the imaginary parts. Notice that it correctly renders the negative infinity.
To install for Rust, add the package entry to your Cargo.toml and in your
source add use rawarray::RawArray.
A binary utility called ra is included that allows you to do some basic
operations on the command line, mostly examining header values, but also
reshaping arrays.
Implementations of RawArray exist for Python, C, and Matlab, and I have written a Julia package called RawArray.jl.
And ultimately the format is simple enough for anyone to roll their own implementation on the fly, or cut corners, like skipping the header entirely and memory mapping the array data part of the file.
An example usage in your Rust source code would be:
use rawarray::RawArray;
use std::io;
fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
let vec1: Vec<f32> = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0];
let ra: RawArray<f32> = vec1.clone().into();
ra.write("myarray.ra")?;
let vec2: Vec<f32> = RawArray::<f32>::read("myarray.ra")?.into();
assert_eq!(vec1, vec2);
Ok(())
}A data checksum or time stamp was deliberately not included in the format because it is impossible to checksum a file with its checksum inside it.** Existing methods (e.g. tar) often zero out the checksum field and then checksum the rest of the file, but this requires special software that understands the format, so standard command line checksum tools won't work. Checksum verification is best left to external means, even if it requires a separate file.
Time stamping is also not necessary, because file systems already provide that. Adding a time stamp that changes upon rewrite or access also foils checksum attemps. HDF5 files are very difficult to checksum for this reason. It is our belief that the checksum should depend upon data properties only, not any chronology. Two files are identical if they contain identical data, no matter when they were created or accessed last.
To checksum an RawArray file, simple run your local checksum command. For example, on linux:
> md5sum examples/test.ra
1dd9f98a0d57ec3c4d8ad50343bd20cd examples/test.ra
** Not technically impossible, but extremely difficult computationally.
For help, file an issue on the bug tracker or email one of the authors. Third party help is welcome and can be contributed through pull requests.
David S. Smith david.smith@gmail.com
This code comes with no warranty. Use at your own risk. If it breaks, let us know, and we'll try to help you fix it.