4. Interfaces and Cables
This is present at end node of ethernet cable.
it is the collection of network protocols / standards.
- why protocols needed? Because if everyone make own protocols they many device can't internet with each other properly. if one people know English and one know Hindi they can't communicate so a standard language need as well a standard protocols needed on which all device communicate.
Bite : 0 or 1 byte : 8 bite is 1 byte
device send one bite(0 or 1) at a time not byte at a time (1001011011). so speed is measure in bites per second , not bytes per second. 1 kb = 1,000 bites 1Mb = 1,000,000 bites 1GB = 1,000,000,000 bites 1Tb = 1,000,000,000,000 bites
Ethernet standards Standard Ethernet also known as IEEE 802.3 was the LAN standard proposed by IEEE (the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) . Data rate for standard Ethernet is 10 Mbps.
10BASE-T, 10GBASE-T BASE = refer to baseband signaling. T = Twisting pair
due to Unshielded they can be vulnerable to electrical interference. Twisting helps against electromagnetic interference (EMI). Advantages:- cheap, easy to work with Disadvantages:- low data rate, short range
4 Twisted pair of cable mean 8 wire, each pair have 2 wire.
UTP cable only used up to 100meter
RJ45 connector have 8 pin to connect these 8 wire. but not all cable have 8 wire:
- 10BASE-T or 100BASE-T = 2 pairs (4 wires) (fast)
- 1000BASE-T or 10GBASE-T = 4 pairs (8 wires) (super fast)
Lets take a look at 10BASE-T/ 100BASE-T cables:
- To connect PC to a switch we use Full Duplex cable. wire 1,2 send data from pc and 1,2 receive data in switch. wire 3,4 receive data in pc and 3,4 send data in switch.
- To connect ROUTER To SWITCH Straight through cable use:
- To connect router to router or switch to switch we can't use straight through cable **we have to use crossover cable
**we have to use crossover cable to connect switch to switch or router to router.
- we can also use crossover cable to connect router to pc.
10G-BASE-T this also use 4,5 and 7,8 wire as well for faster interconnection. They are bidirectional. "bidirectional" refers to the ability to transmit and receive data simultaneously in both directions over the same medium.
Auto MDI-X (Automatic Medium Dependent Interface Crossover) is a technology used in Ethernet networking that automatically detects and configures the connection type for network devices. This feature allows devices to connect using either straight-through or crossover Ethernet cables without requiring manual configuration.
HOW auto MDI-X do it: he device analyzes the incoming signals to determine whether it is connected to another switch, router, or end device. Based on the detection, the device reconfigures its transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) pairs accordingly.
- STP Transceiver (Small form factor pluggable) STP is used to connect fiber optic fire to switch.
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This is a fiber optic cable connects to STP transceiver.
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This is how fiber optic wire send and receive data. as we see before it have 2 wire one for sending data and another for receiving data.
- Inside the Fiber Optic cable their are 4 parts.
- the fiberglass core itself
- cladding that reflects light
- a protective buffer
- the outer jacket of the cable
- 2 type of fiber optic
- multi mode
- single mode
center white represent the fiberglass. blue represent the reflect glass.
- In single mode reflective glass width is less.
- In multi mode reflective glass width is more. as you can see in diagram.
- fiber optic standard
| Feature | UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) | Fiber Optic |
|---|---|---|
| Transmission Medium | Copper wires | Glass or plastic fibers |
| Bandwidth and Speed | Limited (up to 1 Gbps) | High (often exceeding 100 Gbps) |
| Distance | Effective up to 100 meters | Several kilometers without significant loss |
| Interference | Susceptible to EMI | Immune to EMI and crosstalk |
| Cost and Installation | Cheaper and easier to install | More expensive and requires specialized skills |