Microsoft SQL Server Installation Guide

Enterprise-grade relational database management system for mission-critical applications. Full-featured database platform with advanced security, high availability, and comprehensive tooling for Linux environments.

1. Prerequisites

Linux system (RHEL 8+, Ubuntu 18.04+, SUSE 12+)
Root or sudo access
4GB RAM minimum, 8GB+ recommended for production
6GB+ disk space for installation
1433/tcp port available for SQL Server
systemd for service management

2. Supported Operating Systems

This guide supports installation on:

RHEL 8/9 and derivatives (CentOS Stream, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux)
Debian 11/12
Ubuntu 20.04/22.04/24.04 LTS
Arch Linux (rolling release)
Alpine Linux 3.18+
openSUSE Leap 15.5+ / Tumbleweed
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 15+
macOS 12+ (Monterey and later)
FreeBSD 13+
Windows 10/11/Server 2019+ (where applicable)

3. Installation

Ubuntu/Debian

# Update system packages
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

# Import Microsoft GPG key
wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo apt-key add -

# Add Microsoft SQL Server repository
sudo add-apt-repository "$(wget -qO- https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/$(lsb_release -rs)/mssql-server-2022.list)"

# Install SQL Server
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y mssql-server

# Configure SQL Server
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup

# Enable and start service
sudo systemctl enable --now mssql-server

# Install SQL Server command-line tools
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/$(lsb_release -rs)/prod.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mssql-tools.list
sudo apt update
sudo ACCEPT_EULA=Y apt install -y mssql-tools unixodbc-dev

# Add tools to PATH
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

# Verify installation
systemctl status mssql-server
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA

RHEL/CentOS/Rocky Linux/AlmaLinux

# Add Microsoft repository
sudo curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/mssql-server.repo https://packages.microsoft.com/config/rhel/9/mssql-server-2022.repo

# Install SQL Server
sudo yum install -y mssql-server

# Configure SQL Server
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup

# Enable and start service
sudo systemctl enable --now mssql-server

# Install command-line tools
sudo curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/msprod.repo https://packages.microsoft.com/config/rhel/9/prod.repo
sudo yum install -y mssql-tools unixODBC-devel

# Add tools to PATH
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc

# Configure firewall
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=1433/tcp
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

# Verify installation
systemctl status mssql-server
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA

Docker Installation

# Create SQL Server directories
mkdir -p ~/mssql/{data,logs,secrets}

# Generate strong SA password
MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=$(openssl rand -base64 32)
echo "$MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD" > ~/mssql/secrets/sa_password.txt
chmod 600 ~/mssql/secrets/sa_password.txt

# Run SQL Server container
docker run -d \
  --name mssql \
  --restart unless-stopped \
  -e ACCEPT_EULA=Y \
  -e MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD="$MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD" \
  -e MSSQL_PID=Developer \
  -e MSSQL_TCP_PORT=1433 \
  -p 127.0.0.1:1433:1433 \
  -v ~/mssql/data:/var/opt/mssql/data \
  -v ~/mssql/logs:/var/opt/mssql/log \
  --security-opt no-new-privileges:true \
  --read-only \
  --tmpfs /tmp \
  --tmpfs /var/run \
  mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest

# Connect to verify
docker exec -it mssql /opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA

Kubernetes Installation

# Create SQL Server deployment
cat > mssql-k8s.yaml <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: mssql-secret
type: Opaque
data:
  SA_PASSWORD: $(echo -n "YourSecurePassword2024!" | base64)
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: mssql-deployment
  labels:
    app: mssql
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: mssql
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: mssql
    spec:
      securityContext:
        fsGroup: 10001
      containers:
      - name: mssql
        image: mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest
        ports:
        - containerPort: 1433
        env:
        - name: MSSQL_PID
          value: "Developer"
        - name: ACCEPT_EULA
          value: "Y"
        - name: SA_PASSWORD
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: mssql-secret
              key: SA_PASSWORD
        volumeMounts:
        - name: mssqldb
          mountPath: /var/opt/mssql
        securityContext:
          allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
          readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
          runAsNonRoot: true
          runAsUser: 10001
          capabilities:
            drop:
              - ALL
      volumes:
      - name: mssqldb
        persistentVolumeClaim:
          claimName: mssql-pvc
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: mssql-service
spec:
  selector:
    app: mssql
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 1433
      targetPort: 1433
  type: ClusterIP
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: mssql-pvc
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 50Gi
EOF

kubectl apply -f mssql-k8s.yaml

Production Configuration

Security Configuration

# Configure SQL Server for production security
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set network.tcpport 1433
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set network.ipaddress 0.0.0.0

# Configure TLS encryption
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set network.forceencryption 1
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set network.tlscert /opt/mssql/ssl/mssql.crt
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set network.tlskey /opt/mssql/ssl/mssql.key
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set network.tlsprotocols 1.2,1.3

# Generate SSL certificates
sudo mkdir -p /opt/mssql/ssl
cd /opt/mssql/ssl

sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout mssql.key -out mssql.crt -days 365 \
  -subj "/C=US/ST=State/L=City/O=Organization/CN=mssql.example.com"

sudo chown mssql:mssql /opt/mssql/ssl/*
sudo chmod 600 /opt/mssql/ssl/mssql.key
sudo chmod 644 /opt/mssql/ssl/mssql.crt

# Restart SQL Server
sudo systemctl restart mssql-server

Performance Optimization

# Configure SQL Server for optimal performance
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set memory.memorylimitmb 6144  # 6GB
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set sqlagent.enabled true
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set telemetry.userrequestedlocalauditdirectory /var/opt/mssql/audit

# Configure Linux for SQL Server performance
echo 'mssql   soft  nofile  65536' | sudo tee -a /etc/security/limits.conf
echo 'mssql   hard  nofile  65536' | sudo tee -a /etc/security/limits.conf

# Kernel optimization
sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf > /dev/null <<EOF
# SQL Server optimizations
vm.max_map_count = 262144
vm.swappiness = 1
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
EOF

sudo sysctl -p
sudo systemctl restart mssql-server

Database and User Setup

# Connect and create production database setup
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA <<EOF
-- Create application database
CREATE DATABASE [MyAppDB];
GO

-- Create application login
CREATE LOGIN [appuser] WITH PASSWORD = 'AppUserSecurePassword2024!', 
    DEFAULT_DATABASE = [MyAppDB],
    CHECK_POLICY = ON,
    CHECK_EXPIRATION = ON;
GO

-- Switch to application database
USE [MyAppDB];
GO

-- Create database user
CREATE USER [appuser] FOR LOGIN [appuser];
GO

-- Grant necessary permissions
ALTER ROLE [db_datareader] ADD MEMBER [appuser];
ALTER ROLE [db_datawriter] ADD MEMBER [appuser];
GO

-- Create backup user
CREATE LOGIN [backup_user] WITH PASSWORD = 'BackupUserPassword2024!';
GO

CREATE USER [backup_user] FOR LOGIN [backup_user];
GO

-- Grant backup permissions
ALTER ROLE [db_backupoperator] ADD MEMBER [backup_user];
GO

-- Create monitoring user
CREATE LOGIN [monitor_user] WITH PASSWORD = 'MonitorUserPassword2024!';
GO

-- Grant view server state for monitoring
GRANT VIEW SERVER STATE TO [monitor_user];
GRANT VIEW ANY DEFINITION TO [monitor_user];
GO

-- Disable SA account for security (after creating admin user)
-- ALTER LOGIN [SA] DISABLE;
-- GO

-- Show users
SELECT name, type_desc, create_date, modify_date FROM sys.server_principals WHERE type IN ('S', 'U');
GO
EXIT
EOF

High Availability and Backup

Always On Availability Groups

# Enable Always On Availability Groups
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set hadr.hadrenabled 1
sudo systemctl restart mssql-server

# Configure database for Always On
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA <<EOF
-- Set database to full recovery model
ALTER DATABASE [MyAppDB] SET RECOVERY FULL;
GO

-- Create full backup (required for AG)
BACKUP DATABASE [MyAppDB] 
TO DISK = '/var/opt/mssql/data/MyAppDB_Full.bak'
WITH FORMAT, INIT;
GO

-- Create log backup
BACKUP LOG [MyAppDB] 
TO DISK = '/var/opt/mssql/data/MyAppDB_Log.trn'
WITH FORMAT, INIT;
GO
EXIT
EOF

Automated Backup Strategy

sudo tee /usr/local/bin/mssql-backup.sh > /dev/null <<'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
BACKUP_DIR="/backup/mssql"
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)

mkdir -p ${BACKUP_DIR}/{full,differential,transaction_log}

echo "Starting SQL Server backup..."

# Full backup (weekly)
if [ "$(date +%u)" -eq 7 ]; then
    sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" -Q "
    BACKUP DATABASE [MyAppDB] 
    TO DISK = '${BACKUP_DIR}/full/MyAppDB_Full_${DATE}.bak'
    WITH COMPRESSION, CHECKSUM, FORMAT, INIT;
    "
    echo "Full backup completed"
fi

# Differential backup (daily)
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" -Q "
BACKUP DATABASE [MyAppDB] 
TO DISK = '${BACKUP_DIR}/differential/MyAppDB_Diff_${DATE}.bak'
WITH COMPRESSION, CHECKSUM, DIFFERENTIAL, FORMAT, INIT;
"

# Transaction log backup (every 15 minutes)
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" -Q "
BACKUP LOG [MyAppDB] 
TO DISK = '${BACKUP_DIR}/transaction_log/MyAppDB_Log_${DATE}.trn'
WITH COMPRESSION, CHECKSUM, FORMAT, INIT;
"

# Upload to cloud storage
aws s3 cp ${BACKUP_DIR}/ s3://mssql-backups/ --recursive

# Keep backups based on retention policy
find ${BACKUP_DIR}/full -name "*.bak" -mtime +30 -delete
find ${BACKUP_DIR}/differential -name "*.bak" -mtime +7 -delete  
find ${BACKUP_DIR}/transaction_log -name "*.trn" -mtime +3 -delete

echo "SQL Server backup completed: ${DATE}"
EOF

sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/mssql-backup.sh

# Schedule backups
echo "*/15 * * * * root /usr/local/bin/mssql-backup.sh" | sudo tee -a /etc/crontab  # Transaction log
echo "0 2 * * * root /usr/local/bin/mssql-backup.sh" | sudo tee -a /etc/crontab     # Daily differential
echo "0 1 * * 0 root /usr/local/bin/mssql-backup.sh" | sudo tee -a /etc/crontab     # Weekly full

Monitoring and Health Checks

SQL Server Health Monitoring

sudo tee /usr/local/bin/mssql-health.sh > /dev/null <<'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
HEALTH_LOG="/var/log/mssql-health.log"

log_message() {
    echo "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') - $1" | tee -a ${HEALTH_LOG}
}

# Check service status
if systemctl is-active mssql-server >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    log_message "✓ SQL Server service is running"
else
    log_message "✗ SQL Server service is not running"
    exit 1
fi

# Check connectivity
if sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" -Q "SELECT @@VERSION;" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    log_message "✓ SQL Server connectivity test passed"
else
    log_message "✗ SQL Server connectivity test failed"
fi

# Check database status
DB_STATUS=$(sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" -h -1 -Q "
SELECT state_desc FROM sys.databases WHERE name = 'MyAppDB';" | tr -d ' \n')

if [ "$DB_STATUS" = "ONLINE" ]; then
    log_message "✓ Application database is online"
else
    log_message "⚠ Application database status: ${DB_STATUS}"
fi

# Check memory usage
MEMORY_MB=$(sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" -h -1 -Q "
SELECT (physical_memory_kb/1024) FROM sys.dm_os_sys_info;" | tr -d ' ')
log_message "ℹ SQL Server memory: ${MEMORY_MB}MB"

# Check connection count
CONNECTION_COUNT=$(sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" -h -1 -Q "
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sys.dm_exec_sessions WHERE is_user_process = 1;" | tr -d ' ')
log_message "ℹ Active connections: ${CONNECTION_COUNT}"

# Check backup status
LAST_BACKUP=$(sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" -h -1 -Q "
SELECT TOP 1 backup_finish_date FROM msdb.dbo.backupset 
WHERE database_name = 'MyAppDB' AND type = 'D' 
ORDER BY backup_finish_date DESC;" | tr -d ' ')
log_message "ℹ Last full backup: ${LAST_BACKUP}"

# Check error log for issues
ERROR_COUNT=$(sudo tail -100 /var/opt/mssql/log/errorlog | grep -i error | wc -l)
if [ ${ERROR_COUNT} -gt 0 ]; then
    log_message "⚠ ${ERROR_COUNT} errors in recent log entries"
else
    log_message "✓ No recent errors in log"
fi

log_message "SQL Server health check completed"
EOF

sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/mssql-health.sh

# Schedule health checks every 10 minutes
echo "*/10 * * * * root /usr/local/bin/mssql-health.sh" | sudo tee -a /etc/crontab

Performance Monitoring

sudo tee /usr/local/bin/mssql-performance.sh > /dev/null <<'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
PERF_LOG="/var/log/mssql-performance.log"

log_message() {
    echo "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') - $1" | tee -a ${PERF_LOG}
}

# Get performance metrics
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" <<TSQL > /tmp/mssql-perf.txt
-- CPU usage
SELECT 
    'CPU_Percent' as metric,
    AVG(signal_wait_time_ms) * 100.0 / AVG(signal_wait_time_ms + wait_time_ms) as value
FROM sys.dm_os_wait_stats;

-- Memory usage
SELECT 
    'Memory_MB' as metric,
    (physical_memory_kb/1024) as value
FROM sys.dm_os_sys_info;

-- Database file sizes
SELECT 
    DB_NAME(database_id) as database_name,
    type_desc,
    size * 8 / 1024 as size_mb
FROM sys.master_files 
WHERE database_id > 4;

-- Wait statistics
SELECT TOP 10
    wait_type,
    waiting_tasks_count,
    wait_time_ms,
    max_wait_time_ms,
    signal_wait_time_ms
FROM sys.dm_os_wait_stats
WHERE wait_time_ms > 0
ORDER BY wait_time_ms DESC;
GO
EXIT
TSQL

log_message "SQL Server performance metrics collected"
cat /tmp/mssql-perf.txt >> ${PERF_LOG}
EOF

sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/mssql-performance.sh

# Schedule performance monitoring
echo "0 */6 * * * root /usr/local/bin/mssql-performance.sh" | sudo tee -a /etc/crontab

Security Hardening

Advanced Security Configuration

# Configure advanced security features
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" <<EOF
-- Enable advanced security features
sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1;
RECONFIGURE;
GO

-- Configure security settings
sp_configure 'clr enabled', 0;  -- Disable CLR integration
sp_configure 'cross db ownership chaining', 0;  -- Disable cross-database ownership chaining
sp_configure 'database mail xps', 0;  -- Disable database mail if not needed
sp_configure 'remote access', 0;  -- Disable remote access
sp_configure 'remote admin connections', 0;  -- Disable remote admin connections
sp_configure 'scan for startup procs', 0;  -- Disable scan for startup procedures

RECONFIGURE;
GO

-- Configure audit
USE [master];
GO

CREATE SERVER AUDIT [SecurityAudit]
TO FILE 
(   FILEPATH = '/var/opt/mssql/audit/'
    ,MAXSIZE = 100 MB
    ,MAX_ROLLOVER_FILES = 10
    ,RESERVE_DISK_SPACE = OFF
)
WITH
(   QUEUE_DELAY = 1000
    ,ON_FAILURE = CONTINUE
);
GO

ALTER SERVER AUDIT [SecurityAudit] WITH (STATE = ON);
GO

-- Create audit specification for failed logins
CREATE SERVER AUDIT SPECIFICATION [FailedLogins_Audit]
FOR SERVER AUDIT [SecurityAudit]
ADD (FAILED_LOGIN_GROUP),
ADD (SUCCESSFUL_LOGIN_GROUP),
ADD (LOGOUT_GROUP)
WITH (STATE = ON);
GO

-- Enable SQL Server Agent
EXEC sp_configure 'Agent XPs', 1;
RECONFIGURE;
GO
EXIT
EOF

# Create audit directory
sudo mkdir -p /var/opt/mssql/audit
sudo chown mssql:mssql /var/opt/mssql/audit

Firewall Configuration

# Configure UFW (Ubuntu/Debian)
sudo ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24 to any port 1433 comment 'SQL Server - internal network only'
sudo ufw deny 1433 comment 'Block SQL Server from public internet'

# Configure firewalld (RHEL/CentOS)
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --new-zone=mssql
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=mssql --add-source=192.168.1.0/24
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=mssql --add-port=1433/tcp
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

# Fail2ban configuration for SQL Server
sudo tee /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/mssql.conf > /dev/null <<EOF
[Definition]
failregex = Login failed for user.*<HOST>
ignoreregex =
EOF

sudo tee /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/mssql.conf > /dev/null <<EOF
[mssql]
enabled = true
port = 1433
filter = mssql
logpath = /var/opt/mssql/log/errorlog
maxretry = 5
bantime = 3600
findtime = 600
action = iptables[name=MSSQL, port=1433, protocol=tcp]
EOF

sudo systemctl restart fail2ban

Maintenance and Administration

Automated Maintenance

sudo tee /usr/local/bin/mssql-maintenance.sh > /dev/null <<'EOF'
#!/bin/bash
MAINTENANCE_LOG="/var/log/mssql-maintenance.log"

log_message() {
    echo "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') - $1" | tee -a ${MAINTENANCE_LOG}
}

log_message "Starting SQL Server maintenance..."

# Database maintenance
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P "${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD}" <<TSQL
-- Update statistics
USE [MyAppDB];
GO

EXEC sp_updatestats;
GO

-- Rebuild indexes with high fragmentation
DECLARE @sql NVARCHAR(MAX) = '';
SELECT @sql = @sql + 'ALTER INDEX ' + i.name + ' ON ' + OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(i.object_id) + '.' + OBJECT_NAME(i.object_id) + ' REBUILD;' + CHAR(13)
FROM sys.indexes i
INNER JOIN sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats(DB_ID(), NULL, NULL, NULL, 'LIMITED') ps
    ON i.object_id = ps.object_id AND i.index_id = ps.index_id
WHERE ps.avg_fragmentation_in_percent > 30 AND ps.page_count > 1000;

EXEC sp_executesql @sql;
GO

-- Shrink log file if necessary
DBCC SHRINKFILE (MyAppDB_Log, 1024);  -- Shrink to 1GB
GO

-- Check database integrity
DBCC CHECKDB ('MyAppDB') WITH NO_INFOMSGS;
GO
EXIT
TSQL

# Clean up old backup files on disk
find /var/opt/mssql/data -name "*.bak" -mtime +7 -delete
find /var/opt/mssql/data -name "*.trn" -mtime +1 -delete

log_message "SQL Server maintenance completed"
EOF

sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/mssql-maintenance.sh

# Schedule weekly maintenance
echo "0 1 * * 0 root /usr/local/bin/mssql-maintenance.sh" | sudo tee -a /etc/crontab

Log Management

# Configure log rotation for SQL Server
sudo tee /etc/logrotate.d/mssql > /dev/null <<EOF
/var/opt/mssql/log/errorlog {
    daily
    rotate 30
    missingok
    notifempty
    compress
    delaycompress
    copytruncate
    create 644 mssql mssql
}

/var/opt/mssql/audit/*.sqlaudit {
    daily  
    rotate 90
    missingok
    notifempty
    compress
    delaycompress
    create 644 mssql mssql
}
EOF

6. Troubleshooting

Common Issues and Solutions

# Check SQL Server service status
sudo systemctl status mssql-server
sudo journalctl -u mssql-server -f

# Check SQL Server error log
sudo tail -f /var/opt/mssql/log/errorlog

# Test connectivity
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA
telnet localhost 1433

# Check SQL Server configuration
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf list

# Check processes and memory
ps aux | grep sqlservr
pmap -x $(pgrep sqlservr)

# Check network connectivity
ss -tulpn | grep 1433
netstat -tulpn | grep mssql

# Database connectivity test
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P password -Q "SELECT @@VERSION;"

# Check disk space
df -h /var/opt/mssql
du -sh /var/opt/mssql/data

# Performance troubleshooting
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P password <<EOF
-- Check blocking processes
SELECT 
    session_id,
    blocking_session_id,
    wait_type,
    wait_resource,
    wait_time,
    cpu_time,
    logical_reads,
    reads,
    writes
FROM sys.dm_exec_requests 
WHERE blocking_session_id <> 0;
GO

-- Check expensive queries
SELECT TOP 10
    qs.sql_handle,
    qs.execution_count,
    qs.total_worker_time / qs.execution_count AS avg_cpu_time,
    qs.total_elapsed_time / qs.execution_count AS avg_elapsed_time,
    qs.total_logical_reads / qs.execution_count AS avg_logical_reads,
    SUBSTRING(qt.text, (qs.statement_start_offset/2)+1, 
        ((CASE WHEN qs.statement_end_offset = -1 
            THEN LEN(CONVERT(NVARCHAR(MAX), qt.text)) * 2 
            ELSE qs.statement_end_offset END - qs.statement_start_offset)/2) + 1) AS query_text
FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats qs
CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(qs.sql_handle) qt
ORDER BY qs.total_worker_time / qs.execution_count DESC;
GO

-- Check wait statistics
SELECT TOP 10 
    wait_type,
    waiting_tasks_count,
    wait_time_ms,
    max_wait_time_ms,
    signal_wait_time_ms
FROM sys.dm_os_wait_stats 
WHERE wait_time_ms > 0
ORDER BY wait_time_ms DESC;
GO
EXIT
EOF

# Reset SA password if forgotten
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set-sa-password

# Restart SQL Server service
sudo systemctl restart mssql-server

# Check SQL Server agent status
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P password -Q "
SELECT @@SERVERNAME as server_name, 
       SERVERPROPERTY('IsAdvancedAnalyticsInstalled') as advanced_analytics,
       SERVERPROPERTY('IsClustered') as is_clustered;"

# Force configuration refresh
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf validate

Advanced Debugging

# Enable detailed logging
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf set control.loglevel all
sudo systemctl restart mssql-server

# Check SQL Server process details
cat /proc/$(pgrep sqlservr)/status
cat /proc/$(pgrep sqlservr)/limits

# Monitor SQL Server activity in real-time
sqlcmd -S localhost -U SA -P password <<EOF
-- Monitor active sessions
SELECT 
    s.session_id,
    s.login_name,
    s.host_name,
    s.program_name,
    s.status,
    r.command,
    r.cpu_time,
    r.total_elapsed_time
FROM sys.dm_exec_sessions s
LEFT JOIN sys.dm_exec_requests r ON s.session_id = r.session_id
WHERE s.is_user_process = 1;
GO

-- Monitor lock waits
SELECT 
    tl.resource_type,
    tl.resource_database_id,
    tl.resource_associated_entity_id,
    tl.request_mode,
    tl.request_session_id,
    wt.blocking_session_id
FROM sys.dm_tran_locks tl
INNER JOIN sys.dm_os_waiting_tasks wt
    ON tl.lock_owner_address = wt.resource_address;
GO
EXIT
EOF

# Check system compatibility
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf validate

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Note: This guide is part of the HowToMgr collection.

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META.json		META.json
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Microsoft SQL Server Installation Guide

Table of Contents

1. Prerequisites

2. Supported Operating Systems

3. Installation

Ubuntu/Debian

RHEL/CentOS/Rocky Linux/AlmaLinux

Docker Installation

Kubernetes Installation

Production Configuration

Security Configuration

Performance Optimization

Database and User Setup

High Availability and Backup

Always On Availability Groups

Automated Backup Strategy

Monitoring and Health Checks

SQL Server Health Monitoring

Performance Monitoring

Security Hardening

Advanced Security Configuration

Firewall Configuration

Maintenance and Administration

Automated Maintenance

Log Management

6. Troubleshooting

Common Issues and Solutions

Advanced Debugging

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Microsoft SQL Server Installation Guide

Table of Contents

1. Prerequisites

2. Supported Operating Systems

3. Installation

Ubuntu/Debian

RHEL/CentOS/Rocky Linux/AlmaLinux

Docker Installation

Kubernetes Installation

Production Configuration

Security Configuration

Performance Optimization

Database and User Setup

High Availability and Backup

Always On Availability Groups

Automated Backup Strategy

Monitoring and Health Checks

SQL Server Health Monitoring

Performance Monitoring

Security Hardening

Advanced Security Configuration

Firewall Configuration

Maintenance and Administration

Automated Maintenance

Log Management

6. Troubleshooting

Common Issues and Solutions

Advanced Debugging

Additional Resources

About

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