Sync with upstream @ db3b3f8e

1-js/01-getting-started/4-devtools/article.md

@@ -29,10 +29,19 @@ Konkretus vaizdas priklauso nuo Chrome versijos, kurią naudoji. Kartais atsiran
 - Čia mes galim pamatyt raudoną error message. Šiuo atveju skriptas turi nežinomą "lalala" komandą.
 - Dešinėje yra clickable link'as į `bug.html:12` su skaičiumi eilutės, kurioje yra error'as.
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 Žemiau error message'o yra mėlynas `>` simbolis. Jis parodo "command line", kuriame mes galime rašyti JavaScript komandas. Spausk `key:Enter` kad jas paleisti (`key:Shift+Enter` kad rašyti komandas per daugiau nei vieną eilutę).
+=======
+Below the error message, there is a blue `>` symbol. It marks a "command line" where we can type JavaScript commands. Press `key:Enter` to run them.
+>>>>>>> db3b3f8e7a08c153ad8fa0ae50633cdf95fa8912
 
 Dabar mes galime matyti error'us. Kaip pradžiai, to pakanka. Vėliau mes grįšim į developer tools'us ir kalbėsim apie debugginimą chapteryje <info:debugging-chrome>.
 
+```smart header="Multi-line input"
+Usually, when we put a line of code into the console, and then press `key:Enter`, it executes.
+
+To insert multiple lines, press `key:Shift+Enter`. This way one can enter long fragments of JavaScript code.
+```
 
 ## Firefox, Edge ir kiti
 
@@ -50,13 +59,17 @@ Atidaryk Preferences ir eik į "Advanced". Apačioj bus checkbox'as:
 
 Dabar `key:Cmd+Opt+C` įjungs konsolę. Taip pat turėk omeny, kad naujas item'as "Develop" atsirado viršutiniam meniu. Jame yra daug komandų ir nustatymų.
 
+<<<<<<< HEAD
 ```smart header="Kelių eilučių komandos"
 Dažniausiai, jeigu konsolėje parašome vieną eilutę kodo ir paspaudžiame `key:Enter`, ji suveikia.
 
 Tam, kad parašyti kelias eilutes, spausk `key:Shift+Enter`. Tokiu būdu mes galime parašyti ilgesnius fragmentus JavaScript kodo.
 ```
 
 ## Reziumė
+=======
+## Summary
+>>>>>>> db3b3f8e7a08c153ad8fa0ae50633cdf95fa8912
 
 - Developer tools'ai leidžia mum pamatyti errorus, paleisti komandas, analizuoti kintamuosiuos ir daugiau.
 - Juos paleisti galime su `key:F12` dauguma naršklių Windows'uose. Chrome, jeigu naudojame Mac, reikaluaja `key:Cmd+Opt+J`, Safari: `key:Cmd+Opt+C` (iš pradžių reikia aktyvuoti).

1-js/02-first-steps/03-strict-mode/article.md

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Only comments may appear above `"use strict"`.
 ```warn header="There's no way to cancel `use strict`"
 There is no directive like `"no use strict"` that reverts the engine to old behavior.
 
-Once we enter strict mode, there's no return.
+Once we enter strict mode, there's no going back.
 ```
 
 ## Browser console

1-js/02-first-steps/05-types/article.md

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ message = 123456;
 
 Programming languages that allow such things are called "dynamically typed", meaning that there are data types, but variables are not bound to any of them.
 
-There are seven basic data types in JavaScript. Here, we'll cover them in general and in the next chapters we'll talk about each of them in detail.
+There are eight basic data types in JavaScript. Here, we'll cover them in general and in the next chapters we'll talk about each of them in detail.
 
-## A number
+## Number
 
 ```js
 let n = 123;
@@ -62,14 +62,33 @@ Special numeric values formally belong to the "number" type. Of course they are
 
 We'll see more about working with numbers in the chapter <info:number>.
 
-## A string
+## BigInt
+
+In JavaScript, the "number" type cannot represent integer values larger than <code>2<sup>53</sup></code> (or less than <code>-2<sup>53</sup></code> for negatives), that's a technical limitation caused by their internal representation. That's about 16 decimal digits, so for most purposes the limitation isn't a problem, but sometimes we need really big numbers, e.g. for cryptography or microsecond-precision timestamps.
+
+`BigInt` type was recently added to the language to represent integers of arbitrary length.
+
+A `BigInt` is created by appending `n` to the end of an integer literal:
+
+```js
+// the "n" at the end means it's a BigInt
+const bigInt = 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890n;
+```
+
+As `BigInt` numbers are rarely needed, we devoted them a separate chapter <info:bigint>.
+
+```smart header="Compatability issues"
+Right now `BigInt` is supported in Firefox and Chrome, but not in Safari/IE/Edge.
+```
+
+## String
 
 A string in JavaScript must be surrounded by quotes.
 
 ```js
 let str = "Hello";
 let str2 = 'Single quotes are ok too';
-let phrase = `can embed ${str}`;
+let phrase = `can embed another ${str}`;
 ```
 
 In JavaScript, there are 3 types of quotes.
@@ -78,7 +97,7 @@ In JavaScript, there are 3 types of quotes.
 2. Single quotes: `'Hello'`.
 3. Backticks: <code>&#96;Hello&#96;</code>.
 
-Double and single quotes are "simple" quotes. There's no difference between them in JavaScript.
+Double and single quotes are "simple" quotes. There's practically no difference between them in JavaScript.
 
 Backticks are "extended functionality" quotes. They allow us to embed variables and expressions into a string by wrapping them in `${…}`, for example:
 
@@ -102,12 +121,12 @@ alert( "the result is ${1 + 2}" ); // the result is ${1 + 2} (double quotes do n
 We'll cover strings more thoroughly in the chapter <info:string>.
 
 ```smart header="There is no *character* type."
-In some languages, there is a special "character" type for a single character. For example, in the C language and in Java it is `char`.
+In some languages, there is a special "character" type for a single character. For example, in the C language and in Java it is called "char".
 
 In JavaScript, there is no such type. There's only one type: `string`. A string may consist of only one character or many of them.
 ```
 
-## A boolean (logical type)
+## Boolean (logical type)
 
 The boolean type has only two values: `true` and `false`.
 
@@ -198,6 +217,8 @@ typeof undefined // "undefined"
 
 typeof 0 // "number"
 
+typeof 10n // "bigint"
+
 typeof true // "boolean"
 
 typeof "foo" // "string"
@@ -223,12 +244,12 @@ The last three lines may need additional explanation:
 2. The result of `typeof null` is `"object"`. That's wrong. It is an officially recognized error in `typeof`, kept for compatibility. Of course, `null` is not an object. It is a special value with a separate type of its own. So, again, this is an error in the language.
 3. The result of `typeof alert` is `"function"`, because `alert` is a function. We'll study functions in the next chapters where we'll also see that there's no special "function" type in JavaScript. Functions belong to the object type. But `typeof` treats them differently, returning `"function"`. That's not quite correct, but very convenient in practice.
 
-
 ## Summary
 
-There are 7 basic data types in JavaScript.
+There are 8 basic data types in JavaScript.
 
-- `number` for numbers of any kind: integer or floating-point.
+- `number` for numbers of any kind: integer or floating-point, integers are limited by ±2<sup>53</sup>.
+- `bigint` is for integer numbers of arbitrary length.
 - `string` for strings. A string may have one or more characters, there's no separate single-character type.
 - `boolean` for `true`/`false`.
 - `null` for unknown values -- a standalone type that has a single value `null`.

1-js/02-first-steps/06-type-conversions/article.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Type Conversions
 
-Most of the time, operators and functions automatically convert the values given to them to the right type. 
+Most of the time, operators and functions automatically convert the values given to them to the right type.
 
 For example, `alert` automatically converts any value to a string to show it. Mathematical operations convert values to numbers.
 
@@ -81,18 +81,7 @@ alert( Number(false) );       // 0
 
 Please note that `null` and `undefined` behave differently here: `null` becomes zero while `undefined` becomes `NaN`.
 
-````smart header="Addition '+' concatenates strings"
-Almost all mathematical operations convert values to numbers. A notable exception is addition `+`. If one of the added values is a string, the other one is also converted to a string.
-
-Then, it concatenates (joins) them:
-
-```js run
-alert( 1 + '2' ); // '12' (string to the right)
-alert( '1' + 2 ); // '12' (string to the left)
-```
-
-This only happens when at least one of the arguments is a string. Otherwise, values are converted to numbers.
-````
+Most mathematical operators also perform such conversion, we'll see that in the next chapter.
 
 ## Boolean Conversion
 

1-js/02-first-steps/08-comparison/1-comparison-questions/solution.md

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ null === +"\n0\n" → false
 Some of the reasons:
 
 1. Obviously, true.
-2. Dictionary comparison, hence false.
+2. Dictionary comparison, hence false. `"a"` is smaller than `"p"`.
 3. Again, dictionary comparison, first char of `"2"` is greater than the first char of `"1"`.
 4. Values `null` and `undefined` equal each other only.
 5. Strict equality is strict. Different types from both sides lead to false.