The memory allocator

Every dynamically linked process allocates through GrapheneOS's hardened_malloc. On a PC it is nixpkgs' graphene-hardened-malloc in its default configuration, not the light one. nixos/modules/allocator.nix names it in /etc/ld-nix.so.preload, which nixpkgs' glibc reads in place of /etc/ld.so.preload. derisk is built with its hardened-malloc feature, which makes mcsapi's mcsapi-hardened-malloc crate its Rust global allocator. That crate uses the same libhardened_malloc.so, mapped once. Rust's frees go through free_sized, so freeing with a wrong length aborts.

The module writes the preload itself instead of setting NixOS's environment.memoryAllocator.provider, because that option preloads a copy of the library from another store path. The library has no DT_SONAME, so ld.so would map that copy and derisk's as two separate allocators.

On a phone

The Halium GSI boots the phone's own kernel, so the build cannot know two things hardened_malloc depends on.

• The address space. The default configuration reserves 32 GiB per size class in each of 4 arenas as it starts, about 12 TiB, which needs a 48-bit address space. Most Android kernels give a process 39 bits, 512 GiB, and every process would abort on its first allocation. The GSI's build sets CONFIG_CLASS_REGION_SIZE to 512 MiB and CONFIG_N_ARENA to 1, which reserves 49 GiB. One size class can still hold 512 MiB of a process's small allocations. Anything over 128 KiB is mapped on its own.
• The page size. hardened_malloc is built for 4 KiB pages, and a few newer phones run 16 KiB ones.

So the initrd tries it first. losos-allocator-trial runs one program with it preloaded, and writes /run/losos/ld-nix.so.preload naming the library only if that program ran. /etc/ld-nix.so.preload links there, so the system's first process after the switch from the initrd, and every one after it, gets hardened_malloc, or none of them do. derisk is not built against it on the GSI, because a linked copy would stop the desktop on a phone where the trial failed. It gets hardened_malloc through the preload like every other program, without the length check on its frees.

Note

Android's own processes, the HALs in the LXC container, use bionic and its allocator. The preload is glibc's and does not reach them.

Danube's WebKit keeps its own allocator, libpas, with its Gigacage, for JavaScript and DOM objects. Everything else it allocates goes through malloc, so it runs under the preload like any other program. Uranium, the Chromium build Danube replaced, could not, because PartitionAlloc replaces malloc itself. It ran without the preload, and it is gone.