Cannot access Notebook for questions that uses a Custom Column as joining column

[flamber]

Describe the bug
Cannot access Notebook for questions that uses a Custom Column as joining column.
Trying to access the Notebook editor will cause a frontend reload, which is constantly sending /api/card/:id until browsing away.
Got a blank screen at some point too (think I tested on master).

Regression since 0.41.0

To Reproduce

1. On 0.40.5: Custom question > Sample Dataset > Reviews
2. Custom Column [Rating] as "CC just Rating"
3. Join Orders on "CC just Rating"="Quantity"
4. Summarize Count grouped by CreatedAt:Year
   
5. Save question, upgrade to 0.41.1, open the question (load results fine), but trying to access Notebook will cause the frontend to reload constantly.
   The browser console is drowning in various errors like:

Error thrown while validating clause i {fields: 'all', source-table: 11, condition: Array(3), alias: 'Orders', strategy: 'inner-join', …} TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'CC just Rating')
    at n.value (Dimension.js:1025)
    at StructuredQuery.js:1107
    at Array.map (<anonymous>)
    at StructuredQuery.js:1104
    at Array.map (<anonymous>)
    at n.value (StructuredQuery.js:1102)
    at n.value (StructuredQuery.js:1154)
    at i.value (Join.js:587)
    at n.value (StructuredQuery.js:462)
    at n.value (StructuredQuery.js:453)

TypeError: e.temporalUnit is not a function
    at JoinStep.jsx:550
    at qEe (JoinStep.jsx:566)
    at Qo (react-dom.production.min.js:153)
    at xs (react-dom.production.min.js:261)
    at vu (react-dom.production.min.js:246)
    at gu (react-dom.production.min.js:246)
    at uu (react-dom.production.min.js:239)
    at react-dom.production.min.js:123
    at t.unstable_runWithPriority (scheduler.production.min.js:19)
    at Vi (react-dom.production.min.js:122)

Information about your Metabase Installation:
Tested 0.39.5 thru 0.41.1 and commit 8f65be8 (latest 41.2 branch).

Additional context
Related to #18630