Add IntelliSense code linter for C++

[sweemer]

Discussed in #11861

I would like to see Visual Studio's IntelliSense code linter for C++ work with Visual Studio Code in addition to the built-in clang-tidy linter, along with a way to configure which linter(s) to enable in the workspace.

[sean-mcmanus]

@sweemer Yeah, that's a known component which isn't shared yet.