@@ -117,3 +117,62 @@ def build_tooltip(function):
117117 / Use functions to avoid repetition
118118 - Refactor: improving code by changing it a little bit at a time
119119**************************************************************************************************************************************************************"""
120+ ## Extract a function
121+
122+ def standardize (column ):
123+ """Standardize the values in a column.
124+
125+ Args:
126+ column (pandas Series): The data to standardize.
127+
128+ Returns:
129+ pandas Series: the values as z-scores
130+ """
131+ # Finish the function so that it returns the z-scores
132+ z_score = (column - column .mean ()) / column .std ()
133+ return z_score
134+
135+ # Use the standardize() function to calculate the z-scores
136+ df ['y1_z' ] = standardize (df .y1_gpa )
137+ df ['y2_z' ] = standardize (df .y2_gpa )
138+ df ['y3_z' ] = standardize (df .y3_gpa )
139+ df ['y4_z' ] = standardize (df .y4_gpa )
140+ #`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
141+ ## Split up a function
142+
143+ def mean (values ):
144+ """Get the mean of a sorted list of values
145+
146+ Args:
147+ values (iterable of float): A list of numbers
148+
149+ Returns:
150+ float
151+ """
152+ # Write the mean() function
153+ mean = sum (values ) / len (values )
154+ return mean
155+
156+ ## Split up a function 2
157+
158+ def median (values ):
159+ """Get the median of a sorted list of values
160+
161+ Args:
162+ values (iterable of float): A list of numbers
163+
164+ Returns:
165+ float
166+ """
167+ # Write the median() function
168+ midpoint = int (len (values ) / 2 )
169+ if len (values ) % 2 == 0 :
170+ median = (values [midpoint - 1 ] + values [midpoint ]) / 2
171+ else :
172+ median = values [midpoint ]
173+ return median
174+ """**************************************************************************************************************************************************************
175+ Pass by assignment
176+ ===================
177+
178+ **************************************************************************************************************************************************************"""
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