Fix backpressure

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -2,6 +2,18 @@
 
 All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
+## [0.17.2] - 2025-11-27
+
+### Bug Fixes
+
+- Handle backpressure in async zarr storage (Adrian Seyboldt)
+
+
+### Miscellaneous Tasks
+
+- Update pulp dependency (Adrian Seyboldt)
+
+
 ## [0.17.1] - 2025-11-13
 
 ### Bug Fixes
@@ -20,6 +32,10 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
 
 - Update dependencies (Adrian Seyboldt)
 
+- Bump version (Adrian Seyboldt)
+
+- Bump nuts-storable version (Adrian Seyboldt)
+
 
 ## [0.17.0] - 2025-10-08
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "nuts-rs"
-version = "0.17.1"
+version = "0.17.2"
 authors = [
   "Adrian Seyboldt <adrian.seyboldt@gmail.com>",
   "PyMC Developers <pymc.devs@gmail.com>",
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ thiserror = "2.0.3"
 rand_chacha = "0.9.0"
 anyhow = "1.0.72"
 faer = { version = "0.23.2", default-features = false, features = ["linalg"] }
-pulp = "0.21.4"
+pulp = "0.22.2"
 rayon = "1.10.0"
 zarrs = { version = "0.22.0", features = [
   "filesystem",
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ nuts-derive = { path = "./nuts-derive", version = "0.1.0" }
 nuts-storable = { path = "./nuts-storable", version = "0.2.0" }
 serde = { version = "1.0.219", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1.0"
-tokio = { version = "1.0", features = ["rt"], optional = true }
+tokio = { version = "1.0", features = ["rt", "sync", "fs"], optional = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 proptest = "1.6.0"

src/storage/zarr/async_impl.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::iter::once;
 use std::num::NonZero;
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+use tokio::runtime::Handle;
+use tokio::task::JoinSet;
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
 use nuts_storable::{ItemType, Value};
@@ -43,8 +44,9 @@ pub struct ZarrAsyncChainStorage {
     arrays: Arc<ArrayCollection>,
     chain: u64,
     last_sample_was_warmup: bool,
-    pending_writes: Vec<JoinHandle<Result<()>>>,
+    pending_writes: Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<JoinSet<Result<()>>>>,
     rt_handle: tokio::runtime::Handle,
+    max_queued_writes: usize,
 }
 
 /// Write a chunk of data to a Zarr array asynchronously
@@ -240,22 +242,28 @@ impl ZarrAsyncChainStorage {
         chain: u64,
         rt_handle: tokio::runtime::Handle,
     ) -> Self {
-        let draw_buffers = draw_types
+        let draw_buffers: HashMap<String, SampleBuffer> = draw_types
             .iter()
             .map(|(name, item_type)| (name.clone(), SampleBuffer::new(*item_type, buffer_size)))
             .collect();
 
-        let stats_buffers = param_types
+        let stats_buffers: HashMap<String, SampleBuffer> = param_types
             .iter()
             .map(|(name, item_type)| (name.clone(), SampleBuffer::new(*item_type, buffer_size)))
             .collect();
+
+        let num_arrays = draw_buffers.len() + stats_buffers.len();
+
         Self {
             draw_buffers,
             stats_buffers,
             arrays,
             chain,
             last_sample_was_warmup: true,
-            pending_writes: Vec::new(),
+            pending_writes: Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(JoinSet::new())),
+            // We allow up to the number of arrays in pending writes, so
+            // that we queue one write per draw.
+            max_queued_writes: num_arrays.max(1),
             rt_handle,
         }
     }
@@ -275,10 +283,15 @@ impl ZarrAsyncChainStorage {
                 self.arrays.sample_param_arrays[name].clone()
             };
             let chain = self.chain;
-            let handle = self
-                .rt_handle
-                .spawn(async move { store_zarr_chunk_async(array, chunk, chain).await });
-            self.pending_writes.push(handle);
+
+            queue_write(
+                &self.rt_handle,
+                self.pending_writes.clone(),
+                self.max_queued_writes,
+                array,
+                chunk,
+                chain,
+            )?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -298,15 +311,57 @@ impl ZarrAsyncChainStorage {
                 self.arrays.sample_draw_arrays[name].clone()
             };
             let chain = self.chain;
-            let handle = self
-                .rt_handle
-                .spawn(async move { store_zarr_chunk_async(array, chunk, chain).await });
-            self.pending_writes.push(handle);
+
+            queue_write(
+                &self.rt_handle,
+                self.pending_writes.clone(),
+                self.max_queued_writes,
+                array,
+                chunk,
+                chain,
+            )?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 }
 
+fn queue_write(
+    handle: &Handle,
+    queue: Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<JoinSet<Result<()>>>>,
+    max_queued_writes: usize,
+    array: Array,
+    chunk: Chunk,
+    chain: u64,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    let rt_handle = handle.clone();
+    // We need an async task to interface with the async storage
+    // and JoinSet API.
+    let spawn_write_task = handle.spawn(async move {
+        // This should never actually block, because this lock
+        // is only held in tasks that are spawned and immediately blocked_on
+        // from the sampling thread.
+        let mut writes_guard = queue.lock().await;
+
+        while writes_guard.len() >= max_queued_writes {
+            let out = writes_guard.join_next().await;
+            if let Some(out) = out {
+                out.context("Failed to await previous trace write operation")?
+                    .context("Chunk write operation failed")?;
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        writes_guard.spawn_on(
+            async move { store_zarr_chunk_async(array, chunk, chain).await },
+            &rt_handle,
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    });
+    let res: Result<()> = handle.block_on(spawn_write_task)?;
+    res?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 impl ChainStorage for ZarrAsyncChainStorage {
     type Finalized = ();
 
@@ -323,20 +378,30 @@ impl ChainStorage for ZarrAsyncChainStorage {
                 if let Some(chunk) = buffer.reset() {
                     let array = self.arrays.warmup_draw_arrays[key].clone();
                     let chain = self.chain;
-                    let handle = self
-                        .rt_handle
-                        .spawn(async move { store_zarr_chunk_async(array, chunk, chain).await });
-                    self.pending_writes.push(handle);
+
+                    queue_write(
+                        &self.rt_handle,
+                        self.pending_writes.clone(),
+                        self.max_queued_writes,
+                        array,
+                        chunk,
+                        chain,
+                    )?;
                 }
             }
             for (key, buffer) in self.stats_buffers.iter_mut() {
                 if let Some(chunk) = buffer.reset() {
                     let array = self.arrays.warmup_param_arrays[key].clone();
                     let chain = self.chain;
-                    let handle = self
-                        .rt_handle
-                        .spawn(async move { store_zarr_chunk_async(array, chunk, chain).await });
-                    self.pending_writes.push(handle);
+
+                    queue_write(
+                        &self.rt_handle,
+                        self.pending_writes.clone(),
+                        self.max_queued_writes,
+                        array,
+                        chunk,
+                        chain,
+                    )?;
                 }
             }
             self.last_sample_was_warmup = false;
@@ -382,11 +447,14 @@ impl ChainStorage for ZarrAsyncChainStorage {
         }
 
         // Join all pending writes
+        // All tasks that hold a reference to the queue are blocked_on
+        // right away, so we hold the only refercne to `self.pending_writes`.
+        let pending_writes = Arc::into_inner(self.pending_writes)
+            .expect("Could not take ownership of pending writes queue")
+            .into_inner();
         self.rt_handle.block_on(async move {
-            for join_handle in self.pending_writes {
-                let _ = join_handle
-                    .await
-                    .context("Failed to await async chunk write operation")?;
+            for join_handle in pending_writes.join_all().await {
+                let _ = join_handle.context("Failed to await async chunk write operation")?;
             }
             Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
         })?;
@@ -420,6 +488,21 @@ impl ChainStorage for ZarrAsyncChainStorage {
             }
         }
 
+        // Join all pending writes
+        let pending_writes = self.pending_writes.clone();
+        self.rt_handle.block_on(async move {
+            let mut pending_writes = pending_writes.lock().await;
+            loop {
+                let Some(join_handle) = pending_writes.join_next().await else {
+                    break;
+                };
+                join_handle
+                    .context("Failed to await async chunk write operation")?
+                    .context("Chunk write operation failed")?;
+            }
+            Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
+        })?;
+
         Ok(())
     }
 }