NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
- AWS_EC2_METADATA_DISABLED
VERSION
METHODS AND SUBROUTINES
SSO CREDENTIALS
- get_role_credentials
- set_sso_credentials
SETTERS/GETTERS
DIAGNOSTICS
CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT
BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
DEPENDENCIES
SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
INCOMPATIBILITIES
CONTRIBUTING
LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT
AUTHOR

NAME

Amazon::Credentials - fetch Amazon credentials from file, environment or role

SYNOPSIS

my @order = qw( env file container role );
my $creds = Amazon::Credentials->new( { order => \@order } );

CLI

amazon-credentials --help

DESCRIPTION

Amazon::Credentials finds AWS credentials from a chain of providers, searching in a configurable order until credentials are found. The default search order is:

environment => container => role => web_identity => file

The following credential sources are supported:

Environment - AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID, AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY, and optionally AWS_SESSION_TOKEN.
Container - ECS task roles via AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI (classic ECS), or any container runtime that provides AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_FULL_URI - including Lambda execution roles, Fargate task roles, and EKS Pod Identity.
Instance role - EC2 instance profile credentials via the IMDSv2 metadata endpoint (http://169.254.169.254). Respects AWS_EC2_METADATA_DISABLED.
Web Identity - OIDC/JWT federation via STS AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity. Used by EKS IRSA (IAM Roles for Service Accounts) and GitHub Actions. Requires AWS_WEB_IDENTITY_TOKEN_FILE and AWS_ROLE_ARN.
File - ~/.aws/credentials and ~/.aws/config profiles, including credential_process and SSO configurations.

You can control which sources are tried, and in what order, via the order option in the constructor. See "new".

This class also supports SSO credentials. See "set_sso_credentials" and "get_role_credentials" for details, or use the command line tool:

amazon-credentials --role my-sso-role --account 01234567890

AWS_EC2_METADATA_DISABLED

Amazon::Credentials tries hard to find credentials, searching the environment, ECS container endpoint, EC2 instance metadata, and credential files in turn. In some situations - particularly local development or CI environments where no metadata endpoint is reachable - this eagerness causes an unwanted delay while the module waits for the metadata request to time out.

You have two options for dealing with this. The first is to set AWS_EC2_METADATA_DISABLED to a true value, which disables the search for role credentials via the EC2 instance metadata endpoint entirely. The second is to reduce the timeout via the timeout constructor option (default is 3 seconds), which limits how long the module waits for the metadata endpoint to respond:

my $creds = Amazon::Credentials->new( timeout => 1 );

The preferred approach when your application is designed to run in a specific environment is to pass an explicit order to the constructor, which avoids the search entirely:

my $creds = Amazon::Credentials->new( order => [qw(role)] );

The default credential search order is:

environment => container => role => web_identity => file (profile)

VERSION

This document refers to version 1.3.0 of Amazon::Credentials.

METHODS AND SUBROUTINES

new

new( options );

my $aws_creds = Amazon::Credential->new( { profile => 'sandbox', debug => 1 });

options is a hash of keys that represent various options you can pass to the constructor to control how it will look for credentials. Any of the options can also be retrieved using their corresponding 'get_{option} method.

options

aws_access_key_id

AWS access key.
aws_secret_access_key

AWS secret access key.

Note: If you pass the access keys in the constructor then the constructor will not look in other places for credentials.
cache

Boolean that controls whether credentials are retained in the object after being fetched. Caching is enabled by default.

When caching is disabled, credentials are fetched on the first call to a getter and the closure for that credential is reset to undef immediately after the value is returned. Each subsequent getter call will re-fetch credentials. Use credential_keys() to retrieve the full credential tuple in a single operation without the values ever being split across multiple calls.

Note that disabling the cache limits the window during which credential values are held in memory, but Perl makes no guarantees about when or whether that memory is actually cleared by the interpreter. See "Caching and Memory" under "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS".
container

If the process is running in a container, this value will contain a string indicating the credential source. The class supports two forms of container credentials:

Relative URI (classic ECS on EC2): credentials are fetched from the ECS container metadata endpoint using AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI:
```
  http://169.254.170.2/$AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI
```
Full URI (Lambda, Fargate, EKS Pod Identity): credentials are fetched from the full URL provided in AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_FULL_URI. The URL must be https://, http://127.x.x.x, http://[::1], or http://169.254.170.23 (EKS Pod Identity agent). An optional authorization token may be provided via AWS_CONTAINER_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN or AWS_CONTAINER_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN_FILE.

The container metadata key in the returned credentials hash will be 'ECS' for the relative URI form and 'full_uri' for the full URI form.
debug

Set to true for verbose troubleshooting information. Set logger to a logger that implements a logging interface (ala Log::Log4perl.
env - Environment

If there exists an environment variable $AWS_PROFILE, then an attempt will be made to retrieve credentials from the credentials file using that profile, otherwise the class will for these environment variables to provide credentials.
```
  AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
  AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
  AWS_SESSION_TOKEN
```
Note that when you set the environment variable AWS_PROFILE, the order essentially is overridden and the class will look in your credential files (~/.aws/config, ~/.aws/credentials) to resolve your credentials.
file - Configuration Files
- ~/.aws/config
- ~/.aws/credentials
The class will attempt to resolve credentials by interpretting the information in these two files. You can also specify a profile to use for looking up the credentials by passing it into the constructor or setting it the environment variable AWS_PROFILE. If no profile is provided, the default credentials or the first profile found is used.
```
  my $aws_creds = Amazon::Credentials->new({ order => [qw/environment role file/] });
```
imdsv2

Boolean flag that causes Amazon::Credentials to use the IMDSv2 protocol when retrieving instance role credentials from the EC2 metadata service. IMDSv2 uses a session-oriented approach requiring a token to be fetched before making metadata requests, providing stronger protection against SSRF attacks.

Default: true

AWS recommends IMDSv2 for all EC2 workloads. IMDSv1 can be disabled at the instance or account level as a security hardening measure, in which case this option must be enabled for instance role credential retrieval to succeed.
logger

Pass in your own logger that has a debug() method. Otherwise the default logger will output debug messages to STDERR. =item order

An array reference containing tokens that specifies the order in which the class will search for credentials.

default: env, role, container, file

Example:
```
  my $creds = Amazon::Credentials->new( { order => [ qw/file env role/] });
```
print_error

Whether to print the error if no credenials are found. raise_error implies print_error.

default: true
profile

The profile name in the configuration file (~/.aws/config or ~/.aws/credentials).
```
  my $aws_creds = Amazon::Credentials->new({ profile => 'sandbox' });
```
The class will also look for the environment variable AWS_PROFILE, so you can invoke your script like this:
```
  $ AWS_PROFILE=sandbox my-script.pl
```
raise_error

Whether to raise an error if credentials are not found.

default: true
region

Default region. The class will attempt to find the region in either the configuration files or the instance unless you specify the region in the constructor.
role - Instance Role

The class will use the http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credential URL to look for an instance role and credentials.

Credentials returned by accessing the meta-data include a token that should be passed to Amazon APIs along with the access key and secret. That token has an expiration and should be refreshed before it expires.
```
  if ( $aws_creds->is_token_expired() ) {
    $aws_creds->refresh_token()
  }
```
timeout

When looking for credentials in metadata URLs, this parameter specifies the timeout value in seconds for HTTP metadata sevice requests.

default: 3s
user_agent

Pass in your own user agent, otherwise Amazon::Credentials::HTTP::UserAgent (backed by HTTP::Tiny) will be used. The object must implement a request method accepting an HTTP::Request object and returning a response object with content, content_type, is_success, code, and message methods. Probably only useful to override for testing purposes.

as_string

as_string()

Returns the credentials as a JSON encode string.

credential_keys

my $credential_keys = $creds->credential_keys;

Return a hash reference containing the credential keys with standard key names. Note that the session token will only be present in the hash for temporary credentials.

AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
AWS_SESSION_TOKEN

format_credentials

format_credentials(format-string)

Returns the credentials as a formatted string. The <format> argument allows you to include a format string that will be used to output each of the credential parts.

format("export %s=%s\n");

The default format is a "%s %s\n".

find_credentials

find_credentials( option => value, ...);

You normally don't want to use this method. It's automatically invoked by the constructor if you don't pass in any credentials. Accepts a hash or hash reference consisting of keys (order or profile) in the same manner as the constructor.

get_creds_from_*

These methods are called internally when the new constructor is invoked. You should never need to call these methods. All of these methods will return a hash of credential information and metadata described below.

aws_access_key_id

The AWS access key.
aws_secret_access_key

The AWS secret key.
token

Security token used with access keys.
expiration

Token expiration date.
role

IAM role if available.
source

The source from which the credentials were found.
- IAM - retrieved from container or instance role
- container - 'ECS' if retrieved via AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI; 'full_uri' if retrieved via AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_FULL_URI
- web_identity - retrieved via STS AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity
- file - retrieved from file
- process - retrieved from an external process
- ENV - retrieved from environment

get_creds_from_container

get_creds_from_container()

Retrieves credentials from the container credential endpoint. Supports two mechanisms, tried in this order:

Relative URI - if AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI is set, credentials are fetched from:

http://169.254.170.2/$AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI

Full URI - if AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_FULL_URI is set, that URL is used directly. Covers Lambda execution roles, Fargate task roles, and EKS Pod Identity. An authorization token is added automatically if AWS_CONTAINER_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN_FILE or AWS_CONTAINER_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN is set in the environment.

Returns an empty hash if neither environment variable is set.

get_creds_from_web_identity

get_creds_from_web_identity()

Retrieves temporary credentials by exchanging an OIDC/JWT web identity token for AWS credentials via STS AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity. This is the credential mechanism used by EKS IRSA (IAM Roles for Service Accounts) and GitHub Actions OIDC federation.

Required environment variables:

AWS_WEB_IDENTITY_TOKEN_FILE

Path to a file containing the OIDC/JWT token.
AWS_ROLE_ARN

ARN of the IAM role to assume.

Optional:

AWS_ROLE_SESSION_NAME

A name for the assumed role session. Defaults to amazon-credentials-session.

The STS call is made without AWS request signing - the OIDC token itself authenticates the request, resolving the chicken-and-egg problem of needing credentials to obtain credentials. The regional STS endpoint is used when AWS_DEFAULT_REGION or AWS_REGION is set; otherwise the global sts.amazonaws.com endpoint is used.

Returns an empty hash if the required environment variables are not set, if the token file cannot be read, or if the STS call fails.

get_creds_from_process

get_creds_from_process(process)

Retrieves credentials from a helper process defined in the config file. Returns the credentials tuple.

get_creds_from_role

get_creds_from_role()

Returns a hash, possibly containing access keys and a token.

get_default_region

Returns the region of the currently running instance or container. The constructor will set the region to this value unless you set your own region value. Use get_region to retrieve the value after instantiation or you can call this method again and it will make a second call to retrieve the instance metadata.

get_ec2_credentials (deprecated)

See "find_credentials"

is_token_expired

is_token_expired( window-interval )

Returns true if the token is about to expire (or is expired). window-interval is the time in minutes before the actual expiration time that the method should consider the token expired. The default is 5 minutes. Amazon states that new credentials will be available at least 5 minutes before a token expires.

normalize_arn

normalize_arn( arn )

# as an exported function
use Amazon::Credentials qw(normalize_arn);
my $iam_arn = normalize_arn($sts_arn);

# or as a method
my $iam_arn = $creds->normalize_arn($sts_arn);

Converts an STS assumed-role ARN to its equivalent IAM role ARN.

arn:aws:sts::123456789:assumed-role/my-role/session-name
  => arn:aws:iam::123456789:role/my-role

This is useful when an ARN obtained from GetCallerIdentity needs to be passed to IAM APIs such as SimulatePrincipalPolicy which require an IAM ARN and will reject STS assumed-role ARNs. Non-assumed-role ARNs (IAM users, IAM roles) are returned unchanged.

reset_credentials

By default this method will remove credentials from the cache if you pass a false or no value. Passing a true value will refresh your credentials from the original source (equivalent to calling set_credentials).

refresh_token (deprecated)

use refresh_credentials()

refresh_credentials()

Retrieves a fresh set of IAM credentials.

if ( $creds->is_token_expired ) {
  $creds->refresh_token()
}

set_credentials

Looks for your credentials according to the order specified by the order attribute passed in the constructor and stores the credentials in the cache.

Note that you should never have to call this method. If you call this method it will ignore your cache setting!

SSO CREDENTIALS

You can retrieve your SSO credentials after logging in using the sso_set_credentials or get_role_credentials methods.

After logging in using your SSO credentials...

aws sso login

...call one of the methods below to retrieve your credentials.

get_role_credentials

get_role_credentials( options )

options is a hash (not reference) of options

role_name => role name (required)
account_id => AWS account id (required)
region => AWS region where SSO has been provisioned

default: $ENV{AWS_REGION}, $ENV{AWS_DEFAULT_REGION}, us-east-1

set_sso_credentials

set_sso_options(role-name, account-id, region)

Calls get_role_credentials and set AWS credenital environment variables. Region is optional, all other parameters are required.

use Amazon::Credentials qw(set_sso_credentials)

set_sso_credentials(@ENV{qw(AWS_ROLE_NAME AWS_ACCOUNT_ID)});

my $credentials = Amazon::Credentials->new;

SETTERS/GETTERS

All of the options described in the new method can be accessed by a getter or set using a setter of the same name.

Example:

$creds->set_cache(0);

DIAGNOSTICS

Set the debug option when you instantiate a Amazon::Credentials object to output debug and diagnostic messages.

CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT

The module will recognize several AWS specific environment variables described throughout this documentation.

AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID
AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
AWS_SESSION_TOKEN
AWS_REGION
AWS_DEFAULT_REGION
AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_RELATIVE_URI
AWS_CONTAINER_CREDENTIALS_FULL_URI
AWS_CONTAINER_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN
AWS_CONTAINER_AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN_FILE
AWS_WEB_IDENTITY_TOKEN_FILE
AWS_ROLE_ARN
AWS_ROLE_SESSION_NAME

BUGS AND LIMITATIONS

Amazon::Credentials will not attempt to retrieve temporary credentials for profiles that specify a role. If for example you define a role in your credentials file thusly:

[developer]

 role_arn = arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/developer-access-role
 source_profile = dev

The module will not return credentials for the developer profile. While it would be theoretically possible to return those credentials, in order to assume a role, one needs credentials (chicken and egg problem).

Note that get_creds_from_web_identity resolves this problem for OIDC-federated environments (EKS IRSA, GitHub Actions) by calling STS AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity, which does not require AWS signing - the OIDC token authenticates the request directly.

DEPENDENCIES

Lower versions of these modules may be acceptable.

'Class::Accessor::Fast' => '0.31'
'Config::Tiny'          => '2.28'
'File::HomeDir'         => '1.00'
'HTTP::Request'         => '6.00'
'HTTP::Tiny'            => '0.088'
'JSON::PP'              => '4.16'
'List::Util'            => '1.5'
'Net::SSLeay'           => '0'
'IO::Socket::SSL'       => '0'
'POSIX::strptime'       => '0.13'

...and possibly others

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

The security concern around your credentials is not that they can be retrieved and viewed - any process that compromises your environment can use the same discovery methods this module does. If your environment is compromised, an actor can resolve your credentials the same way this module does. The real threat is exfiltration: your credentials escaping your environment through logs, debug output, serialized objects, or core dumps.

Always take precautions to prevent accidental exfiltration of your credentials.

How `Amazon::Credentials` Helps Prevent Exfiltration

Closure-Based Credential Storage

Starting with version 1.3.0, credentials are never stored as plain scalar attributes on the object. Instead they are captured in Perl closures. The object holds a code reference for each credential value; calling it returns the credential. The values themselves live only in the closure's lexical scope and are invisible to serialization:

use Data::Dumper;
my $creds = Amazon::Credentials->new;
print Dumper $creds;
# _access_key_id     => sub { "DUMMY" },
# _secret_access_key => sub { "DUMMY" },
# _session_token     => sub { "DUMMY" },

Dumper, JSON::PP::encode_json, exception stack traces, and similar introspection tools will show only opaque code references - never the credential values. This replaces the previous encryption-based approach, which was both heavier (requiring Crypt::CBC and Crypt::Cipher::AES) and weaker (the passkey lived on the same object as the ciphertext unless you explictly sourced your passkey from an external process).

Caching and Memory

Disabling the cache with cache => 0 means credentials are fetched on first use and the closures are reset to undef immediately after each getter call. This limits the window during which a live value exists in memory.

my $credentials = Amazon::Credentials->new( cache => 0 );

However, Perl makes no guarantees about when or whether memory containing a sensitive value is actually cleared. The interpreter may retain a copy of the string in freed memory, in a copy-on-write buffer, or in an arena waiting to be reclaimed. Disabling the cache reduces the lifetime of credentials in the object, but it is not a substitute for running in a properly secured environment.

If you need the credential tuple at once without it ever being split across multiple getter calls, use credential_keys():

my $keys = $creds->credential_keys;
# { aws_access_key_id => ..., aws_secret_access_key => ..., token => ... }

Option 2 - Remove them manually after use

Call reset_credentials() with a false value after fetching credentials or after they are used by downstream processes. Call it with a true value to regenerate them.

Using Multiple Instances of Amazon::Credentials

You may need to assume a role using initial credentials. In this case you can use multiple instances of Amazon::Credentials.

  # 1. retrieve SSO credentials
  my $sso_credentials = Amazon::Credentials->new(
    sso_role_name  => 'developer',
    sso_account_id => '01234567890'
  );

  # 2. assume a role in another account
  my $role_arn          = 'arn:aws:iam::09876543210:role/Route53AccountAccessRole';
  my $role_session_name = "route53-role-$PID";

  my $sts = Amazon::API::STS->new( credentials => $sso_credentials );

  my $assume_role_result = $sts->AssumeRole(
    { RoleArn         => $role_arn,
      RoleSessionName => $role_session_name,
    }
  );

  my $assumed = $assume_role_result->{AssumeRoleResult}{Credentials};

  # 3. create new credentials for assumed role
  my $role_credentials = Amazon::Credentials->new(
    aws_access_key_id     => $assumed->{AccessKeyId},
    aws_secret_access_key => $assumed->{SecretAccessKey},
    expiration            => $assumed->{Expiration},
    token                 => $assumed->{SessionToken},
  );

  # 4. make a call using the assumed role
  my $rt53 = Amazon::API::Route53->new( credentials => $role_credentials );

  my $response = $rt53->ListTagsForResources(
    { ResourceType => 'hostedzone',
      ResourceIds  => \@zone_ids,
    }
  );

Securing Your Logs

To troubleshoot this module you can pass a debug flag that writes diagnostic information to STDERR. Because credentials are stored as closures, they cannot appear in debug output produced by Data::Dumper or similar tools - the object dump shows only code references. You should still be careful with any application-level logging that explicitly calls the getter methods and logs their return values.

Use Temporary Credentials

Use temporary credentials with short expiration times whenever possible. Amazon::Credentials provides methods to check expiration and refresh credentials when they have expired.

if ( $credentials->is_token_expired ) {
  $credentials->refresh_token;
}

Use Granular Credentials

Consider the APIs you are calling. If all you need is access to a single S3 bucket, use credentials scoped to that bucket only. IAM permissions can be quite specific about what resources credentials can access and from where.

Notes on Logging and Debug Mode

Starting with version 1.1.0, Amazon::Credentials does not use the DEBUG environment variable to enable debug output. You must explicitly pass debug => 1 to the constructor. This prevents upstream modules that set DEBUG from inadvertently triggering debug mode in Amazon::Credentials.

INCOMPATIBILITIES

This module has not been tested on Windows OS.

CONTRIBUTING

You can find this project on GitHub at https://github.com/rlauer6/perl-Amazon-Credentials. PRs are always welcomed!

LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT

This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.

AUTHOR

Rob Lauer - rlauer6@comcast.net

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bin		bin
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t		t
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AUTHORS		AUTHORS
ChangeLog		ChangeLog
INSTALL		INSTALL
Makefile		Makefile
NEWS.md		NEWS.md
README-BUILD.md		README-BUILD.md
README-TESTING.md		README-TESTING.md
README.md		README.md
UnitTest.pm		UnitTest.pm
VERSION		VERSION
build-mirrors		build-mirrors
builder		builder
buildspec.yml		buildspec.yml
cpanfile		cpanfile
release-notes-1.2.0.md		release-notes-1.2.0.md
release-notes-1.3.0.md		release-notes-1.3.0.md
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test-requires		test-requires
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Table of Contents

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

AWS_EC2_METADATA_DISABLED

VERSION

METHODS AND SUBROUTINES

new

options

as_string

credential_keys

format_credentials

find_credentials

get_creds_from_*

get_creds_from_container

get_creds_from_web_identity

get_creds_from_process

get_creds_from_role

get_default_region

get_ec2_credentials (deprecated)

is_token_expired

normalize_arn

reset_credentials

refresh_token (deprecated)

refresh_credentials()

set_credentials

SSO CREDENTIALS

get_role_credentials

set_sso_credentials

SETTERS/GETTERS

DIAGNOSTICS

CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT

BUGS AND LIMITATIONS

DEPENDENCIES

SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS

How Amazon::Credentials Helps Prevent Exfiltration

Closure-Based Credential Storage

Caching and Memory

Securing Your Logs

Use Temporary Credentials

Use Granular Credentials

Notes on Logging and Debug Mode

INCOMPATIBILITIES

CONTRIBUTING

LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT

AUTHOR

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