A simple extension for Magento 2 (tested on 2.4.3) that disables all the controllers where a customer can add, delete of modify an address in their customer account. When the customer tries to access one of these controllers, an error message is shown.
This does not hide any of the buttons/links where a customer can modify their address. This would have to be done in your theme instead. It does not modify the checkout at all, as we would also have to make these changes in the theme.