[codex] Add basic Kalman filter example

[FlorianPfaff]

Summary

• Add a basic Kalman filter example under examples/basic.
• Demonstrate a one-dimensional constant-velocity model using predict_linear and update_linear.
• Print the position and velocity estimates for deterministic position measurements.

Validation

• Reviewed the committed diff with GitHub compare.
• Not run locally; this workspace is read-only and does not have a local PyRecEst checkout to execute the example from.

[github-actions]

✅MegaLinter analysis: Success

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✅ JSON	v8r	2		0	0	2.53s
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✅ PYTHON	flake8	394		0	0	2.96s
✅ PYTHON	isort	394	11	0	0	0.73s
✅ PYTHON	mypy	394		0	0	4.8s
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✅ REPOSITORY	checkov	yes		no	no	22.8s
✅ REPOSITORY	gitleaks	yes		no	no	6.8s
✅ REPOSITORY	git_diff	yes		no	no	0.1s
✅ REPOSITORY	secretlint	yes		no	no	7.33s
✅ REPOSITORY	syft	yes		no	no	3.81s
✅ REPOSITORY	trivy-sbom	yes		no	no	1.96s
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✅ YAML	v8r	4		0	0	4.63s
✅ YAML	yamllint	4		0	0	0.44s

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