SE-Assignment-6

Assignment: Introduction to Python Instructions: Answer the following questions based on your understanding of Python programming. Provide detailed explanations and examples where appropriate.

Questions:

1. Python Basics:

   • What is Python, and what are some of its key features that make it popular among developers? Provide examples of use cases where Python is particularly effective.

2. Installing Python:

   • Describe the steps to install Python on your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux). Include how to verify the installation and set up a virtual environment.

3. Python Syntax and Semantics:

   • Write a simple Python program that prints "Hello, World!" to the console. Explain the basic syntax elements used in the program.

4. Data Types and Variables:

   • List and describe the basic data types in Python. Write a short script that demonstrates how to create and use variables of different data types.

5. Control Structures:

   • Explain the use of conditional statements and loops in Python. Provide examples of an if-else statement and a for loop.

6. Functions in Python:

   • What are functions in Python, and why are they useful? Write a Python function that takes two arguments and returns their sum. Include an example of how to call this function.

7. Lists and Dictionaries:

   • Describe the differences between lists and dictionaries in Python. Write a script that creates a list of numbers and a dictionary with some key-value pairs, then demonstrates basic operations on both.

8. Exception Handling:

   • What is exception handling in Python? Provide an example of how to use try, except, and finally blocks to handle errors in a Python script.

9. Modules and Packages:

   • Explain the concepts of modules and packages in Python. How can you import and use a module in your script? Provide an example using the math module.

10. File I/O:

    • How do you read from and write to files in Python? Write a script that reads the content of a file and prints it to the console, and another script that writes a list of strings to a file.

Submission Guidelines:

• Your answers should be well-structured, concise, and to the point.
• Provide code snippets or complete scripts where applicable.
• Cite any references or sources you use in your answers.
• Submit your completed assignment by [due date].

ANSWERS

Introduction to Python Assignment Python Basics What is Python, and what are some of its key features that make it popular among developers? Provide examples of use cases where Python is particularly effective.

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability, simplicity, and versatility. It was created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. Python is popular among developers for several key features:

Readability and Simplicity: Python's syntax is clear and easy to understand, making it an excellent choice for beginners. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line, which simplifies debugging and development. Dynamic Typing: Variables in Python do not require an explicit declaration to reserve memory space. Extensive Standard Library: Python comes with a vast standard library that supports many common programming tasks, from file I/O to web services. Cross-Platform Compatibility: Python runs on various operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux. Community and Ecosystem: A large and active community contributes to a rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks. Use cases where Python is particularly effective:

Web Development: Using frameworks like Django and Flask. Data Science and Machine Learning: Using libraries like pandas, NumPy, scikit-learn, and TensorFlow. Automation and Scripting: Writing scripts to automate repetitive tasks. Game Development: Using libraries like Pygame. Scientific Computing: Using SciPy and other scientific libraries. Installing Python Describe the steps to install Python on your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux). Include how to verify the installation and set up a virtual environment.

Windows Download Python:

Go to the official Python website. Download the latest version of Python for Windows. Install Python:

Run the installer. Ensure you check the option "Add Python to PATH". Follow the installation steps. Verify Installation:

Open Command Prompt. Type python --version and pip --version to check Python and pip installations. Set Up Virtual Environment:

Navigate to your project directory. Run python -m venv venv to create a virtual environment. Activate the virtual environment using venv\Scripts\activate. macOS Download Python:

Go to the official Python website. Download the latest version of Python for macOS. Install Python:

Open the downloaded package and follow the installation instructions. Verify Installation:

Open Terminal. Type python3 --version and pip3 --version. Set Up Virtual Environment:

Navigate to your project directory. Run python3 -m venv venv. Activate the virtual environment using source venv/bin/activate. Linux Install Python:

Open Terminal. Run sudo apt-get update. Run sudo apt-get install python3 python3-pip. Verify Installation:

Type python3 --version and pip3 --version. Set Up Virtual Environment:

Navigate to your project directory. Run python3 -m venv venv. Activate the virtual environment using source venv/bin/activate. Python Syntax and Semantics Write a simple Python program that prints "Hello, World!" to the console. Explain the basic syntax elements used in the program.

python Copy code print("Hello, World!") Explanation:

print(): This is a built-in function in Python used to output text to the console. "Hello, World!": This is a string literal enclosed in double quotes. Data Types and Variables List and describe the basic data types in Python. Write a short script that demonstrates how to create and use variables of different data types.

Basic data types in Python:

int: Integer, e.g., 5, -3. float: Floating-point number, e.g., 3.14, -0.001. str: String, e.g., "hello", 'world'. bool: Boolean, e.g., True, False. list: List, e.g., [1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b', 'c']. tuple: Tuple, e.g., (1, 2, 3), ('a', 'b', 'c'). dict: Dictionary, e.g., {'key': 'value'}, {'a': 1, 'b': 2}. set: Set, e.g., {1, 2, 3}, {'a', 'b', 'c'}. Example script:

python Copy code

Integer

age = 25 print("Age:", age)

Float

height = 5.9 print("Height:", height)

String

name = "Alice" print("Name:", name)

Boolean

is_student = True print("Is student:", is_student)

List

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] print("Fruits:", fruits)

Tuple

coordinates = (10.0, 20.0) print("Coordinates:", coordinates)

Dictionary

person = {"name": "Bob", "age": 30} print("Person:", person)

Set

unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} print("Unique numbers:", unique_numbers) Control Structures Explain the use of conditional statements and loops in Python. Provide examples of an if-else statement and a for loop.

Conditional Statements:

Conditional statements allow you to execute code based on certain conditions. The basic structure includes if, elif, and else.

Example:

python Copy code x = 10 if x > 0: print("x is positive") elif x == 0: print("x is zero") else: print("x is negative") Loops:

Loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly. Python supports for and while loops.

For Loop Example:

python Copy code for i in range(5): print(i) While Loop Example:

python Copy code i = 0 while i < 5: print(i) i += 1 Functions in Python What are functions in Python, and why are they useful? Write a Python function that takes two arguments and returns their sum. Include an example of how to call this function.

Functions:

Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task. They help in organizing code, reducing repetition, and improving readability.

Example Function:

python Copy code def add_numbers(a, b): return a + b

Calling the function

result = add_numbers(5, 3) print("Sum:", result) Lists and Dictionaries Describe the differences between lists and dictionaries in Python. Write a script that creates a list of numbers and a dictionary with some key-value pairs, then demonstrates basic operations on both.

Lists:

Ordered collection of items. Elements are accessed by their index. Allows duplicate values. Dictionaries:

Unordered collection of key-value pairs. Keys are unique and immutable. Values can be of any type and can be duplicated. Example Script:

python Copy code

List

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] print("Numbers:", numbers) numbers.append(6) print("Updated Numbers:", numbers) print("First element:", numbers[0])

Dictionary

student = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25, "grade": "A"} print("Student:", student) student["age"] = 26 print("Updated Student:", student) print("Student's name:", student["name"]) Exception Handling What is exception handling in Python? Provide an example of how to use try, except, and finally blocks to handle errors in a Python script.

Exception Handling:

Exception handling allows you to handle runtime errors gracefully without terminating the program abruptly. It uses try, except, and finally blocks.

Example:

python Copy code try: result = 10 / 0 except ZeroDivisionError as e: print("Error:", e) finally: print("This block always executes")

print("Program continues...") Modules and Packages Explain the concepts of modules and packages in Python. How can you import and use a module in your script? Provide an example using the math module.

Modules and Packages:

Module: A module is a file containing Python code that can be imported and used in other scripts. Package: A package is a collection of modules in directories that provide a hierarchy of module names. Example Using math Module:

python Copy code import math

Using functions from the math module

print("Pi:", math.pi) print("Square root of 16:", math.sqrt(16)) File I/O