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Isthimius edited this page Jul 31, 2026 · 4 revisions

Rendering and Gameplay

A practical guide to controlling what the player sees in Gondwana.

Table of Contents

What This Page Covers

This page is for developers using Gondwana rather than modifying its rendering internals.

It explains how to:

  • access a view and its camera;
  • position or animate the camera;
  • follow players and other moving objects;
  • center the camera on world points or tiles;
  • constrain the camera to the world;
  • configure dead zones;
  • zoom a view;
  • convert between grid, world, and screen coordinates;
  • create split-screen and picture-in-picture layouts;
  • understand how camera movement differs from MovementController;
  • choose the appropriate movement API for common game scenarios.

You do not need to understand Skia's canvas state, matrix stack, backbuffer implementation, or dirty-rectangle renderer to use these features.

For those lower-level topics, see:

The Mental Model

A Gondwana camera does not render anything by itself.

A view is the complete description of one observation of the scene:

View
 ├─ Camera   → which part of the world is being observed
 └─ Viewport → where that observation appears on the render surface

The simplest way to think about the relationship is:

The camera chooses the world region. The viewport chooses its on-screen destination.

One scene can be observed by several views at once:

  • a normal full-screen game view;
  • split-screen views for two players;
  • a minimap;
  • a picture-in-picture security camera;
  • a preview panel in Gondwana Studio.

Each view has its own camera and viewport.

What moves when the camera moves?

The scene does not physically move.

The camera position changes the world-to-screen calculation used for that view. Objects then draw at different absolute screen coordinates.

flowchart LR
    World["Scene and world objects"]
    Camera["Camera<br/>what part of the world?"]
    Viewport["Viewport<br/>where on the surface?"]
    Screen["Absolute screen pixels"]
    Surface["Render surface"]

    World --> Camera
    Camera --> Viewport
    Viewport --> Screen
    Screen --> Surface
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The Main Objects

The relevant object structure is:

RenderSurfaceHost<TBackbuffer> : RenderSurfaceHostBase
 ├─ RenderSurfaceAdapterBase
 ├─ BackbufferBase (TBackbuffer)
 ├─ ViewManager
 │    └─ 0..N View
 │         ├─ Camera
 │         └─ Viewport
 └─ Scene
      └─ Scene.Empty when no real scene is bound

classDiagram
    class RenderSurfaceHost {
        +Scene
        +Backbuffer
        +RenderSurfaceAdapter
        +ViewManager
        +Bind(scene)
    }

    class ViewManager {
        +Views
        +AddView()
        +ConfigureSingleFullView()
        +ConfigureVerticalSplit()
        +ConfigureHorizontalSplit()
        +ClearViews()
    }

    class View {
        +Camera
        +Viewport
        +ZOrder
        +MinZoom
        +MaxZoom
        +WorldPxToScreenPx()
        +ScreenPxToWorldPx()
        +ScreenPxToGrid()
        +ZoomAroundScreenPoint()
    }

    class Camera {
        +PositionPx
        +WorldBoundsPx
        +DeadZonePx
        +FollowLerpPerSecond
    }

    class Viewport {
        +TargetRectPx
        +ScreenOffsetPx
        +Zoom
        +VisibleWorldSizePx
    }

    RenderSurfaceHost --> ViewManager
    ViewManager "1" --> "0..*" View
    View --> Camera
    View --> Viewport
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RenderSurfaceHost

The render-surface host coordinates:

  • the currently bound scene;
  • the backbuffer;
  • the platform-specific render adapter;
  • all views associated with the surface.

The host owns the ViewManager.

ViewManager

The view manager creates, removes, orders, and updates views.

It also provides common layouts:

host.ViewManager.ConfigureSingleFullView();

host.ViewManager.ConfigureVerticalSplit();

host.ViewManager.ConfigureHorizontalSplit();

Its Views collection is sorted by ZOrder, with lower values rendered behind higher values.

View

A View combines one camera with one viewport.

It also provides the supported coordinate-conversion methods. When converting between world and screen positions, prefer the methods on View rather than duplicating the arithmetic elsewhere.

Camera

The camera stores a world-space upper-left position and provides:

  • instant positioning;
  • one-shot pans;
  • continuous following;
  • dead zones;
  • world-bound clamping;
  • grid-centering helpers.

Viewport

The viewport stores:

  • where the view appears on the render surface;
  • the view's zoom;
  • an optional screen offset;
  • the visible world size implied by the viewport and zoom.

Getting the Primary View

When a scene is bound and no view has been configured, Gondwana creates a default full-surface view.

A common setup is:

var host = renderSurface.Host;

host.Bind(scene);

var view = host.ViewManager.Views[0];
var camera = view.Camera;
var viewport = view.Viewport;

That first view is usually the primary game view.

Note

Views[0] means the first view in current Z-order, not a permanent special "main view" identity. For complex layouts, keep references to the views you configure rather than repeatedly relying on an index.

Configuring a single full view explicitly

host.ViewManager.ConfigureSingleFullView(
    zoom: 1f,
    zOrder: 0);

var view = host.ViewManager.Views[0];

Binding and camera limits

By default:

host.Bind(scene);

limits view cameras to the scene's world bounds.

To allow cameras to move beyond the scene:

host.Bind(
    scene,
    limitCameraToWorldBoundPx: false);

This can be useful for:

  • editors;
  • cinematic shots outside the playable map;
  • debug tools;
  • worlds where empty space outside the primary scene bounds is meaningful.

Coordinate Spaces

Gondwana users normally work with three primary coordinate spaces.

Name Suggested variable suffix Meaning Common examples
Grid coordinates grid Coordinates in a layer's tile or map system Column/row, axial hex coordinates
World pixels worldPx Pixel coordinates in scene/layer space Sprite positions, camera position, world bounds
Screen pixels screenPx Absolute pixels on the render surface/backbuffer Mouse position, viewport rectangle, final drawing destination

A fourth space may appear inside a particular object:

Name Suggested suffix Meaning
Drawable-local pixels localPx Coordinates relative to an image, widget, path, or custom drawing

Drawable-local coordinates are not part of the camera system. They are useful when drawing the contents of one object.

Grid coordinates

Grid coordinates describe a location in a scene layer's coordinate system.

Examples:

var grid = new PointF(12, 8);

Depending on the layer, those values could represent:

  • orthogonal column and row;
  • isometric coordinates;
  • hex axial coordinates;
  • another supported grid system.

Grid coordinates are not necessarily pixels.

World pixels

World pixels describe positions inside the scene.

Examples include:

camera.PositionPx

sprite.WorldBounds

scene.GetWorldBoundsPx()

The name "world pixels" means the engine expresses world distances using pixel-like units. They are still logical world coordinates, not physical pixels in the adapter.

Screen pixels

Screen pixels are absolute pixel coordinates on the render surface.

The top-left of the complete adapter or backbuffer is:

(0, 0)

A viewport at:

(400, 100, 800, 600)

begins at absolute screen position (400, 100).

An object that appears 20 pixels inside the viewport's left edge is ultimately drawn at:

screen X = 420

not at X = 20.

Viewport-local values are intermediate, not a primary engine contract

A calculation may temporarily subtract the viewport origin:

float relativeX =
    screenPx.X - viewport.TargetRectPx.Left;

That produces a viewport-relative value, but normal Gondwana rendering still uses absolute screen coordinates for final drawing.

The engine renders per view, but it does not normally hand drawables a viewport-local destination.

The conversion chain

Grid coordinates
        ↓  layer coordinate system
World pixels
        ↓  camera + parallax + zoom + viewport placement
Absolute screen pixels
        ↓
Backbuffer and adapter

flowchart LR
    Grid["Grid coordinates"]
    World["World pixels"]
    Screen["Absolute screen pixels"]
    Backbuffer["Backbuffer"]

    Grid -->|"SceneLayer.GridToWorldPx"| World
    World -->|"View.WorldPxToScreenPx"| Screen
    Screen --> Backbuffer
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Camera and Viewport Responsibilities

Camera and viewport settings often appear together, but they answer different questions.

Concern Owned by Example
Which world position is at the visible upper-left? Camera Camera.PositionPx
Should the camera stay inside the world? Camera Camera.WorldBoundsPx
How quickly should following react? Camera FollowLerpPerSecond
Can a target move before the camera reacts? Camera DeadZonePx
Where is the view displayed? Viewport TargetRectPx
How large is the view on screen? Viewport TargetRectPx.Size
How much world is visible? Viewport VisibleWorldSizePx
What is the scale? Viewport Zoom
Is there an extra HUD/safe-area offset? Viewport ScreenOffsetPx

A useful test is:

  • changing the camera should change what part of the world is visible;
  • changing the viewport should change where or how that view appears on the adapter.

Understanding Camera Position

Camera.PositionPx is the world-pixel location of the camera's upper-left.

It is not the camera center.

Suppose the visible world size is:

1280 × 720 world pixels

and:

camera.PositionPx = new PointF(1000, 500);

Then the visible world region begins at approximately:

left = 1000
top  = 500

and extends according to the viewport's visible world size.

Upper-left versus center APIs

Gondwana intentionally provides both styles.

Upper-left methods

These interpret the target as the desired camera upper-left:

camera.SnapTo(worldUpperLeftPx);

camera.PanTo(worldUpperLeftPx, speed);

camera.PanToOverDuration(
    worldUpperLeftPx,
    durationSeconds);

Center methods

These interpret the target as a world point that should appear in the center of the view:

camera.CenterOn(worldCenterPx);

camera.PanCenterToOnce(
    worldCenterPx,
    speed);

camera.PanCenterToOverDuration(
    worldCenterPx,
    durationSeconds);

Center methods internally account for the visible world size.

A common mistake

This looks reasonable but centers the wrong location:

camera.SnapTo(playerWorldCenterPx);

SnapTo treats the player's center as the camera's upper-left.

Use:

camera.CenterOn(playerWorldCenterPx);

or continuous following:

camera.FollowCentered(player);

Choosing a Camera Movement Style

Camera methods fall into three broad categories.

Category Behavior Best for
Instant Camera moves immediately Initialization, teleporting, editor navigation
One-shot Camera moves toward a destination and stops Cutscenes, inspection, transitions
Continuous Camera keeps evaluating or tracking a target Gameplay follow cameras 
flowchart TD
    Need["What should the camera do?"]

    Instant{"Move immediately?"}
    Stop{"Stop after arriving?"}
    Dynamic{"Does the target keep moving?"}

    Snap["SnapTo / CenterOn / CenterOnGrid"]
    Pan["PanTo / PanCenterToOnce / duration variants"]
    FixedFollow["FollowTo / PanCenterTo"]
    DynamicFollow["Follow / FollowCentered / X / Y"]

    Need --> Instant
    Instant -- Yes --> Snap
    Instant -- No --> Stop
    Stop -- Yes --> Pan
    Stop -- No --> Dynamic
    Dynamic -- No --> FixedFollow
    Dynamic -- Yes --> DynamicFollow
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Full camera method summary

Method Input meaning Type Stops automatically?
SnapTo Camera upper-left in world pixels Instant Yes
PanBy Relative upper-left delta Instant Yes
CenterOn World point to center Instant Yes
CenterOnGrid Grid cell to center Instant Yes
PanTo Camera upper-left One-shot, speed-based Yes
PanToOverDuration Camera upper-left One-shot, duration-based Yes
PanCenterToOnce World point to center One-shot, speed-based Yes
PanCenterToOverDuration World point to center One-shot, duration-based Yes
PanToGridOverDuration Grid cell to center One-shot, duration-based Yes
Follow Dynamic world point Continuous No
FollowTo Fixed world point Continuous No
FollowCentered Movable target Continuous No
FollowCenteredX Movable target's X Continuous No
FollowCenteredY Movable target's Y Continuous No
PanCenterTo Fixed world center Continuous No
AnimateCenterOnGrid Fixed tile center Continuous No
ClearFollow — Cancellation —

Note

There is currently no speed-based PanToGrid(...) method. Use CenterOnGrid, AnimateCenterOnGrid, or PanToGridOverDuration.

Instant Camera Movement

SnapTo

SnapTo immediately places the camera's upper-left at a world-pixel location.

camera.SnapTo(
    new PointF(1200, 640));

Use it for:

  • initial placement;
  • teleport transitions;
  • debug commands;
  • editor navigation;
  • restoring a saved camera position.

SnapTo applies world-bound clamping.

PanBy

PanBy applies an immediate relative delta.

camera.PanBy(
    new PointF(100, 0));

This moves the camera 100 world pixels to the right.

Typical keyboard navigation:

const float step = 100f;

switch (key)
{
    case Keys.Left:
        camera.PanBy(new PointF(-step, 0));
        break;

    case Keys.Right:
        camera.PanBy(new PointF(step, 0));
        break;

    case Keys.Up:
        camera.PanBy(new PointF(0, -step));
        break;

    case Keys.Down:
        camera.PanBy(new PointF(0, step));
        break;
}

CenterOn

CenterOn immediately places a world point at the visual center of the view.

camera.CenterOn(
    playerWorldCenterPx);

This is usually a better initialization method than manually subtracting half the viewport size.

CenterOnGrid

CenterOnGrid immediately centers a tile.

camera.CenterOnGrid(
    layer,
    col: 20,
    row: 12);

Gondwana asks the layer's coordinate system for the tile's world anchor and offsets by half the tile size.

That means the same call works with the layer's supported coordinate system rather than assuming an orthogonal grid.

Instant moves do not necessarily cancel existing behavior

SnapTo and PanBy reposition the camera, but they do not explicitly clear all existing follow or pan state.

If the camera is already following something, the follow may continue on the next update.

To take permanent manual control:

camera.ClearFollow();
camera.SnapTo(newPosition);

One-Shot Camera Pans

One-shot pans move toward a destination and stop when the destination is reached.

They are appropriate for:

  • cinematic shots;
  • room-entry pans;
  • inspecting an objective;
  • moving from one conversation participant to another;
  • focusing a selected object in an editor.

Speed-based versus duration-based

Style You specify Use when
Speed-based Responsiveness/lerp rate You care how sharp or floaty movement feels
Duration-based Approximate arrival time You care how long a transition takes

Both use smooth exponential movement rather than a constant linear speed.

PanTo

PanTo moves the camera's upper-left toward a target.

camera.PanTo(
    new PointF(1800, 900),
    speed: 6f);

Higher speeds feel snappier.

Lower speeds feel more gradual.

A speed less than or equal to zero snaps immediately.

PanToOverDuration

PanToOverDuration moves the camera's upper-left over an approximate duration.

camera.PanToOverDuration(
    new PointF(1800, 900),
    durationSeconds: 1.5f);

The implementation calculates an exponential smoothing rate that covers approximately 99% of the distance in the requested time.

That means the duration is intentionally approximate rather than an exact linear arrival timestamp.

PanCenterToOnce

This method pans until a world point is centered, then stops.

camera.PanCenterToOnce(
    boss.WorldCenterPx,
    speed: 7f);

Use this instead of manually calculating the desired upper-left.

PanCenterToOverDuration

This method centers a world point over an approximate duration.

camera.PanCenterToOverDuration(
    objectiveWorldPx,
    durationSeconds: 2f);

This is a useful cutscene primitive.

PanToGridOverDuration

This method centers a tile over an approximate duration.

camera.PanToGridOverDuration(
    layer,
    col: 32,
    row: 14,
    durationSeconds: 1.25f);

Starting a one-shot pan cancels continuous follow

PanTo and PanToOverDuration take direct upper-left control and clear center-follow state.

A common cutscene sequence is therefore:

camera.PanCenterToOverDuration(
    objectiveWorldPx,
    1.5f);

// Later, after the shot:
camera.FollowCentered(player);

At present, the camera does not expose a built-in pan-completed event. Game code that needs a precise sequence may:

  • use its own timer;
  • compare PositionPx with the expected target;
  • wrap camera control in a higher-level cinematic controller;
  • restore follow after the intended duration.

Continuous Camera Following

Continuous follow remains active until cancelled or replaced.

Follow

Follow accepts a function that returns a world-space point each update.

camera.Follow(
    () => GetPlayerCenterWorldPx(),
    hardFollow: false);

This is the most flexible camera-follow API.

The target function can return:

  • a player's center;
  • a midpoint between two players;
  • a scripted point of interest;
  • a weighted party center;
  • the center of the currently selected editor object.

Hard follow

Hard follow snaps to the desired camera position every update.

camera.Follow(
    () => GetPlayerCenterWorldPx(),
    hardFollow: true);

Use hard follow when:

  • the camera must remain rigidly attached;
  • smoothing would expose unwanted map edges;
  • a retro presentation requires exact tracking;
  • a tool view must match an object exactly.

Smooth follow

Smooth follow uses FollowLerpPerSecond.

camera.FollowLerpPerSecond = 8f;

camera.Follow(
    () => GetPlayerCenterWorldPx());

Higher values react more quickly.

Lower values produce more camera lag.

A value less than or equal to zero results in snapping behavior.

FollowTo

FollowTo follows a fixed world point.

camera.FollowTo(
    new PointF(2400, 1200));

This sounds similar to a one-shot pan, but it is continuous follow state.

After reaching the point, follow remains active.

Use it when that persistent state is desirable. Use a one-shot pan when the camera should stop owning an ongoing target after arrival.

FollowCentered

FollowCentered follows an IMovableOnSceneLayer and centers it.

camera.FollowCentered(
    player,
    speed: 8f,
    hard: false);

For grid-space targets, Gondwana converts the tile coordinate into its world-pixel center.

For pixel-space targets, the target's reported position is treated as the point of interest.

Important

Confirm what GetPosition() means for a custom pixel-space movable. If it returns a top-left position rather than a center, FollowCentered will center that top-left point. For custom objects, Follow(() => customCenter) may be more precise.

FollowCenteredX

This follows only the target's horizontal movement.

camera.FollowCenteredX(
    player,
    speed: 7f);

The camera's vertical position remains anchored.

Useful for:

  • side-scrolling platformers;
  • horizontal runners;
  • games with fixed vertical framing.

FollowCenteredY

This follows only the target's vertical movement.

camera.FollowCenteredY(
    player,
    speed: 7f);

The camera's horizontal position remains anchored.

Useful for:

  • vertical shooters;
  • elevator or climbing sequences;
  • vertically constrained maps.

PanCenterTo

Despite its name, PanCenterTo is continuous follow behavior.

camera.PanCenterTo(
    fixedWorldPoint,
    speed: 5f);

It calls the follow system with a fixed point.

Use PanCenterToOnce when the camera should arrive and stop.

AnimateCenterOnGrid

AnimateCenterOnGrid continuously follows the fixed center of a tile.

camera.AnimateCenterOnGrid(
    layer,
    col: 18,
    row: 9,
    speed: 5f);

Use PanToGridOverDuration for a one-shot tile-centered pan.

Cancelling follow

camera.ClearFollow();

ClearFollow clears:

  • continuous follow;
  • active one-shot pan targets;
  • hard-follow state.

The camera stays at its current position.

Dead Zones

A dead zone allows the follow target to move within an area before the camera reacts.

Without a dead zone, a smooth camera usually tries to keep the target centered.

With a dead zone:

  • the target may move freely inside the zone;
  • the camera begins moving only when the target leaves it;
  • the camera moves just enough to contain the target again.

This often feels more natural in gameplay.

Configuring a dead zone

camera.DeadZonePx = new Rectangle(
    x: 320,
    y: 180,
    width: 640,
    height: 360);

The rectangle is positioned relative to the visible world region's upper-left and measured in world-pixel units.

At the intended 1:1 zoom, those values correspond directly to visible screen distances.

A centered dead zone helper

Given the visible world size:

SizeF visible = viewport.VisibleWorldSizePx;

a centered dead zone can be calculated as:

float deadZoneWidth = visible.Width * 0.40f;
float deadZoneHeight = visible.Height * 0.35f;

camera.DeadZonePx = new Rectangle(
    x: (int)((visible.Width - deadZoneWidth) * 0.5f),
    y: (int)((visible.Height - deadZoneHeight) * 0.5f),
    width: (int)deadZoneWidth,
    height: (int)deadZoneHeight);

Empty dead zone

camera.DeadZonePx = Rectangle.Empty;

An empty dead zone means the follow system targets the normal centered camera position.

Dead zones and zoom

Because the dead zone is interpreted within the visible world region, changing zoom changes the relationship between dead-zone world units and physical screen pixels.

A game that allows large zoom changes may recalculate the dead zone after zooming.

Dead-zone design guidance

Game style Typical dead-zone behavior
Top-down action Moderate centered rectangle
Side-scroller Wider horizontally, tighter vertically
Precision platformer Small zone or hard follow
Exploration game Larger zone for looser camera
Editor Usually none; direct navigation is preferable

Camera World Bounds

Camera.WorldBoundsPx constrains the camera's upper-left.

camera.WorldBoundsPx =
    scene.GetWorldBoundsPx();

When bounds are active, the camera is clamped so that the visible world region does not normally extend beyond the world.

Automatic world bounds

The default binding call:

host.Bind(scene);

uses scene world bounds.

Disabling bounds

host.Bind(
    scene,
    limitCameraToWorldBoundPx: false);

or:

camera.WorldBoundsPx =
    RectangleF.Empty;

An empty rectangle disables clamping.

What happens when the viewport is larger than the world?

If the visible world width or height exceeds the corresponding world bounds, Gondwana clamps that axis to the world's minimum position.

This prevents invalid Math.Clamp ranges.

The result is stable, but the world may occupy only part of the view unless other rendering fills the surrounding area.

Bounds and zoom

Changing zoom changes the visible world size.

Therefore the valid camera upper-left range also changes.

A camera near the right or bottom edge may be clamped to a new position after a zoom change.

Bounds and parallax

The camera has one world-bound rectangle, but each layer may apply a different parallax factor during projection.

Camera bounds normally represent the primary gameplay world. Decorative parallax layers may still appear offset or expose different content depending on their design.

Zooming a View

Zoom belongs to the Viewport, not the Camera.

The intended public behavior is:

Zoom Meaning
1f 1:1
> 1f Zoom in
< 1f Zoom out

Set zoom immediately

viewport.SnapZoom(2f);

or:

viewport.Zoom = 2f;

SnapZoom also clears any active zoom animation.

Smooth zoom by response rate

viewport.ZoomTo(
    targetZoom: 2f,
    lerpPerSecond: 6f);

Higher rates react more quickly.

Smooth zoom by duration

viewport.ZoomToOverDuration(
    targetZoom: 2f,
    durationSeconds: 0.75f);

Like duration-based camera pans, this uses an exponential model and reaches approximately 99% of the target in the requested time.

Zoom limits

Each view has:

view.MinZoom
view.MaxZoom

Defaults are currently:

MinZoom = 0.1
MaxZoom = 8

View.ZoomAroundScreenPoint clamps its target using these values.

Directly assigning Viewport.Zoom does not automatically use the View limits, so user code should clamp explicit assignments:

float targetZoom =
    Math.Clamp(requestedZoom, view.MinZoom, view.MaxZoom);

viewport.SnapZoom(targetZoom);

Zoom around the mouse pointer

ZoomAroundScreenPoint changes both:

  • viewport zoom;
  • camera position.

It keeps the same world location under the chosen screen point during the zoom.

view.ZoomAroundScreenPoint(
    layer,
    screenPoint: mouseScreenPx,
    targetZoom: 1.5f,
    durationSeconds: 0.3f);

This is ideal for:

  • map controls;
  • editors;
  • strategy games;
  • inspection tools.

The supplied layer matters because its parallax participates in the conversion. Use the primary gameplay layer, usually with parallax 1f, unless the zoom is intentionally anchored to another layer.

Zooming around view center

Rectangle vp = viewport.TargetRectPx;

var centerScreenPx = new PointF(
    vp.Left + vp.Width * 0.5f,
    vp.Top + vp.Height * 0.5f);

view.ZoomAroundScreenPoint(
    gameplayLayer,
    centerScreenPx,
    targetZoom,
    durationSeconds: 0.4f);

Mouse-wheel example

void ZoomFromMouseWheel(
    View view,
    SceneLayer layer,
    PointF mouseScreenPx,
    int wheelDelta)
{
    float factor = wheelDelta > 0
        ? 1.15f
        : 1f / 1.15f;

    float target =
        Math.Clamp(
            view.Viewport.Zoom * factor,
            view.MinZoom,
            view.MaxZoom);

    view.ZoomAroundScreenPoint(
        layer,
        mouseScreenPx,
        target,
        durationSeconds: 0.15f);
}

Converting Between Coordinate Spaces

Use the conversion methods on View.

These methods already account for:

  • camera position;
  • layer parallax;
  • viewport position;
  • viewport screen offset;
  • zoom.

World point to screen point

PointF screenPx =
    view.WorldPxToScreenPx(
        layer,
        worldPx);

Use this for:

  • screen-space labels attached to world objects;
  • editor handles;
  • targeting indicators;
  • custom overlays;
  • debug visualization.

Screen point to world point

PointF worldPx =
    view.ScreenPxToWorldPx(
        layer,
        mouseScreenPx);

Use this for:

  • mouse picking;
  • placing objects;
  • selecting map locations;
  • converting touch input into world interactions.

Screen point to grid coordinate

PointF grid =
    view.ScreenPxToGrid(
        layer,
        mouseScreenPx);

This performs:

screen → world → layer grid

Use it for:

  • tile painting;
  • tile selection;
  • grid-based commands;
  • editor cursors.

World rectangle to screen rectangle

RectangleF screenRect =
    view.WorldRectToScreenRect(
        layer,
        worldRect);

Use this for:

  • world-bound UI overlays;
  • debug rectangles;
  • screen-space culling;
  • visual selection boxes.

Screen rectangle to world rectangle

RectangleF worldRect =
    view.ScreenRectToWorldRect(
        layer,
        screenRect);

Use this for:

  • selection marquees;
  • querying visible objects;
  • editor region tools;
  • converting viewport extents into layer queries.

Conversion methods use absolute screen coordinates

The screen point passed to and returned from these methods is relative to the whole render surface, not merely the viewport's upper-left.

For a viewport located at (400, 100), a mouse click inside that viewport may have coordinates such as (620, 340).

Do not subtract TargetRectPx.Left and Top unless a lower-level API specifically asks for viewport-local values.

Different layers can produce different world results

Parallax is a layer property.

Therefore:

view.ScreenPxToWorldPx(backgroundLayer, mouse);

may produce a different world point from:

view.ScreenPxToWorldPx(gameplayLayer, mouse);

Choose the layer that owns the interaction.

Grid-Aware Camera Helpers

Gondwana's grid helpers use the layer's coordinate system rather than assuming that every map is orthogonal.

Center immediately on a tile

camera.CenterOnGrid(
    layer,
    col,
    row);

Continuously follow a fixed tile center

camera.AnimateCenterOnGrid(
    layer,
    col,
    row,
    speed);

Remember that this is continuous follow state.

Pan once to a tile over time

camera.PanToGridOverDuration(
    layer,
    col,
    row,
    durationSeconds);

Convert a tile to a world point manually

PointF anchorWorldPx =
    layer.GridToWorldPx(
        new PointF(col, row));

PointF tileCenterWorldPx =
    new PointF(
        anchorWorldPx.X + layer.TileWidth * 0.5f,
        anchorWorldPx.Y + layer.TileHeight * 0.5f);

Use the built-in camera helpers when their behavior matches the goal. Manual conversion is useful when:

  • centering on a point within the tile other than its middle;
  • offsetting the shot;
  • building a custom cinematic composition.

Grid positions can be fractional

Many coordinate APIs use PointF or Vector2.

That allows:

  • smooth movement through grid space;
  • partial tile offsets;
  • interpolation;
  • nonorthogonal coordinate systems.

Do not automatically round grid values unless gameplay semantics require whole-cell positions.

Using Multiple Views

A render surface can display several views of the same scene.

Each view has independent:

  • camera position;
  • zoom;
  • viewport rectangle;
  • screen offset;
  • Z-order.

Vertical split-screen

host.ViewManager.ConfigureVerticalSplit(
    leftZoom: 1f,
    rightZoom: 1f);

var leftView = host.ViewManager.Views[0];
var rightView = host.ViewManager.Views[1];

leftView.Camera.FollowCentered(playerOne);
rightView.Camera.FollowCentered(playerTwo);

Horizontal split-screen

host.ViewManager.ConfigureHorizontalSplit(
    topZoom: 1f,
    bottomZoom: 1f);

var topView = host.ViewManager.Views[0];
var bottomView = host.ViewManager.Views[1];

Picture-in-picture

host.ViewManager.ConfigureSingleFullView();

host.ViewManager.AddView(
    targetRectPx: new Rectangle(
        x: host.RenderSurfaceAdapter.Width - 340,
        y: 20,
        width: 320,
        height: 180),
    zoom: 1.5f,
    zOrder: 100,
    worldBoundsPx: scene.GetWorldBoundsPx());

var insetView =
    host.ViewManager.Views
        .OrderByDescending(v => v.ZOrder)
        .First();

insetView.Camera.CenterOn(
    objectiveWorldPx);

The higher Z-order causes the inset to render above the main view.

Custom view layouts

host.ViewManager.ClearViews();

host.ViewManager.AddView(
    new Rectangle(0, 0, 960, 1080),
    zoom: 1f,
    zOrder: 0,
    worldBoundsPx: scene.GetWorldBoundsPx());

host.ViewManager.AddView(
    new Rectangle(960, 0, 960, 1080),
    zoom: 1f,
    zOrder: 1,
    worldBoundsPx: scene.GetWorldBoundsPx());

Keep references when the layout matters

Because Views is sorted by Z-order, it is safer to resolve views immediately after creating a known layout or identify them through your own game-side structure.

For a larger project, consider wrapping view creation:

public sealed class GameViews
{
    public required View Main { get; init; }
    public required View Minimap { get; init; }
}

View rectangles are absolute screen rectangles

Each TargetRectPx is measured against the whole render surface.

view.Viewport.TargetRectPx =
    new Rectangle(
        left,
        top,
        width,
        height);

The view does not establish a separate origin for normal drawable rendering.

Adapter resizing

When the render surface resizes, the host currently rescales each viewport rectangle proportionally.

That preserves the broad layout but may not preserve exact UI design constraints.

For a production layout, especially in Studio, you may reapply intentional view rectangles after resize based on:

  • docked panels;
  • aspect ratios;
  • safe areas;
  • minimum sizes;
  • editor layout state.

Common Camera Recipes

Follow the player

var view = host.ViewManager.Views[0];

view.Camera.FollowLerpPerSecond = 8f;
view.Camera.FollowCentered(player);

Follow the player with a dead zone

var view = host.ViewManager.Views[0];
var camera = view.Camera;
var visible = view.Viewport.VisibleWorldSizePx;

camera.FollowLerpPerSecond = 7f;

camera.DeadZonePx = new Rectangle(
    x: (int)(visible.Width * 0.30f),
    y: (int)(visible.Height * 0.30f),
    width: (int)(visible.Width * 0.40f),
    height: (int)(visible.Height * 0.40f));

camera.FollowCentered(player);

Side-scroller camera

camera.FollowLerpPerSecond = 6f;

camera.DeadZonePx = new Rectangle(
    x: 380,
    y: 220,
    width: 520,
    height: 220);

camera.FollowCenteredX(player);

This keeps vertical framing fixed while allowing horizontal tracking.

Camera look-ahead

Use Follow and offset the target based on movement direction:

camera.Follow(() =>
{
    PointF center = player.GetWorldCenterPx();

    float lookAheadX =
        Math.Sign(playerVelocity.X) * 160f;

    return new PointF(
        center.X + lookAheadX,
        center.Y);
});

For a smoother look-ahead, interpolate the offset separately rather than switching it instantly.

Midpoint between two players

camera.Follow(() =>
{
    PointF a = playerOne.GetWorldCenterPx();
    PointF b = playerTwo.GetWorldCenterPx();

    return new PointF(
        (a.X + b.X) * 0.5f,
        (a.Y + b.Y) * 0.5f);
});

A more advanced implementation may also adjust zoom based on player separation.

Cinematic objective shot

camera.ClearFollow();

camera.PanCenterToOverDuration(
    objectiveWorldPx,
    durationSeconds: 1.25f);

Later:

camera.FollowCentered(
    player,
    speed: 8f);

Keyboard camera navigation

Smooth one-shot steps:

PointF current = camera.PositionPx;

switch (key)
{
    case Keys.W:
        camera.PanToOverDuration(
            new PointF(current.X, current.Y - 100),
            0.25f);
        break;

    case Keys.S:
        camera.PanToOverDuration(
            new PointF(current.X, current.Y + 100),
            0.25f);
        break;

    case Keys.A:
        camera.PanToOverDuration(
            new PointF(current.X - 100, current.Y),
            0.25f);
        break;

    case Keys.D:
        camera.PanToOverDuration(
            new PointF(current.X + 100, current.Y),
            0.25f);
        break;
}

For editor-style drag panning, use ClearFollow() and PanBy().

Click to center

PointF worldPx =
    view.ScreenPxToWorldPx(
        gameplayLayer,
        mouseScreenPx);

camera.PanCenterToOverDuration(
    worldPx,
    durationSeconds: 0.5f);

Click a tile to center it

PointF grid =
    view.ScreenPxToGrid(
        layer,
        mouseScreenPx);

camera.PanToGridOverDuration(
    layer,
    col: (int)MathF.Floor(grid.X),
    row: (int)MathF.Floor(grid.Y),
    durationSeconds: 0.5f);

The appropriate rounding rule depends on the layer's coordinate system and desired selection behavior.

Camera Movement vs Object Movement

The camera and MovementController solve different problems.

System Changes Visual consequence
Camera Which world region a view observes The entire world appears to move relative to that view
MovementController An object's position That particular object moves through its coordinate space
Viewport Where and how the view is displayed The rendered observation moves or scales on the adapter

A player may move because of MovementController, while the camera continuously follows the player's resulting position.

Input
  ↓
Player MovementController
  ↓
Player position changes
  ↓
Camera follow evaluates player position
  ↓
View projection changes
  ↓
Scene renders to screen

Do not move the camera with MovementController

Camera has its own movement system.

It does not implement IMovable and is not controlled by the ordinary object MovementController.

Use camera methods for the camera.

Use MovementController for sprites, movable direct drawings, and other IMovable objects.

Using MovementController

MovementController provides three movement families:

  1. follow;
  2. scripted movement;
  3. integrated movement.

They run in this priority order:

flowchart TD
    Update["Advance movement"]
    Follow{"Follow active?"}
    Script{"Script active?"}
    Physics{"Velocity or acceleration active?"}

    Update --> Follow
    Follow -- Yes --> DoFollow["Apply or schedule follow movement"]
    Follow -- No --> Script
    Script -- Yes --> DoScript["Advance scripted movement"]
    Script -- No --> Physics
    Physics -- Yes --> DoPhysics["Integrate velocity, acceleration, damping"]
    Physics -- No --> Idle["No movement"]
Loading

Movement family summary

Family Common methods Behavior Typical use
Follow FollowPixelSoft, FollowPixelHard, FollowTileSoft, FollowTileHard Tracks a target Name tags, companions, attached effects
Scripted MoveTo, MoveBy, MoveToward Moves toward an authored destination UI motion, doors, cutscenes
Integrated SetVelocity, SetAcceleration, SetMaxSpeed, SetLinearDamping Physics-style continuous motion Players, projectiles, momentum

Follow movement

Pixel target, soft follow

drawing.Movement.FollowPixelSoft(
    getPixelPos: () => target.GetPosition(),
    speed: 240f,
    snap: 0.5f,
    offsetPx: new Vector2(0, -24));

Pixel target, hard follow

drawing.Movement.FollowPixelHard(
    () => target.GetPosition(),
    offsetPx: new Vector2(0, -24));

Tile target, soft follow

nameTag.Movement.FollowTileSoft(
    tileTarget: player,
    speedTilesPerSec: 4f,
    snapTiles: 0.1f,
    gridOffset: new Vector2(0, -0.75f));

Tile target, hard follow

nameTag.Movement.FollowTileHard(
    player,
    gridOffset: new Vector2(0, -0.75f));

Scripted movement

Move to an absolute position over a duration

mover.Movement.MoveTo(
    target: new Vector2(640, 360),
    durationSec: 1f);

With easing:

mover.Movement.MoveTo(
    target: new Vector2(640, 360),
    seconds: 1f,
    easingKind: EasingKind.EaseInOut);

Move by a relative amount

mover.Movement.MoveBy(
    delta: new Vector2(100, 0),
    durationSec: 0.5f);

Move toward at a constant speed

mover.Movement.MoveToward(
    target: new Vector2(640, 360),
    speedPerSec: 200f);

Completion callback

mover.Movement
    .MoveTo(
        new Vector2(640, 360),
        1f)
    .OnComplete(() =>
    {
        OpenDoor();
    });

Integrated movement

Velocity

mover.Movement.SetVelocity(
    new Vector2(180f, 0f));

Acceleration

mover.Movement.SetAcceleration(
    new Vector2(0f, 600f));

Maximum speed

mover.Movement.SetMaxSpeed(
    300f);

Damping

mover.Movement.SetLinearDamping(
    4f);

Damping gradually reduces velocity and is frame-rate independent.

Movement priority consequences

Follow has priority over scripts and integrated motion.

That means:

mover.Movement.SetVelocity(...);

may not visibly move the object while a follow target remains active.

Call:

mover.Movement.Unfollow();

before taking manual or physics control.

Starting scripted or integrated methods may cancel portions of other movement state, but follow remains the highest-level owner until removed.

Stop everything

mover.Movement.StopAllMovement();

This clears follow, cancels script state, and zeros velocity and acceleration.

Movement Spaces

MovementSpace has two values:

MovementSpace.Grid
MovementSpace.Pixel

The names describe the units used by the movable.

Grid movement

Grid-space positions are expressed in layer coordinates.

Examples:

(5, 3)
(12.5, 8)
(q, r) for an axial coordinate system

Speeds and snap tolerances are generally interpreted in tiles or grid units.

Pixel movement

Pixel-space movement means the position is expressed in pixels—but the kind of pixel still depends on context.

Object context MovementSpace.Pixel means
Scene-layer object World pixels
View-mode object Absolute screen pixels
General standalone mover Whatever pixel coordinate system its implementation defines

Direct drawings

DirectDrawingMovableBase always reports:

MovementSpace.Pixel

For scene-layer mode:

position = world-pixel upper-left

For view mode:

position = screen-pixel upper-left

This distinction is critical when following another object or supplying offsets.

Units follow the mover

For MoveTo, MoveBy, velocity, acceleration, and many follow settings:

Values are interpreted in the movable object's own position space.

A speed of 5 means:

  • 5 grid units per second for a grid mover;
  • 5 pixels per second for a pixel mover.

Cross-space following

MovementController can convert between pixel and grid targets when it has access to the relevant scene layer and coordinate system.

This is useful, but explicit matching spaces remain easier to reason about.

Prefer:

  • grid follower → grid target;
  • pixel follower → pixel target;

unless cross-space behavior is intentionally required.

Combining Camera and Object Movement

Player physics plus camera follow

player.Movement.SetMaxSpeed(280f);
player.Movement.SetLinearDamping(5f);

view.Camera.FollowLerpPerSecond = 8f;
view.Camera.FollowCentered(player);

Input updates the player's acceleration:

player.Movement.SetAcceleration(
    new Vector2(inputX * 900f, inputY * 900f));

The player moves through world or grid space.

The camera follows the player's updated position.

Moving name tag attached to a player

nameTag.Movement.FollowTileSoft(
    player,
    speedTilesPerSec: 8f,
    snapTiles: 0.05f,
    gridOffset: new Vector2(0f, -0.75f));

The name tag moves because of its own MovementController.

The camera may independently follow the player.

Screen-space HUD should not follow the camera

A HUD element associated with a view should use view mode and absolute screen bounds.

var hudBounds = new Rectangle(
    view.Viewport.TargetRectPx.Left + 20,
    view.Viewport.TargetRectPx.Top + 20,
    240,
    80);

Do not convert those bounds through WorldPxToScreenPx.

World-space label without movement following

A label can also be manually positioned from a world object each frame:

PointF screen =
    view.WorldPxToScreenPx(
        player.SceneLayer,
        playerWorldPx);

label.ScreenBounds =
    new Rectangle(
        (int)screen.X,
        (int)screen.Y - 30,
        160,
        24);

Choose between:

  • a scene-layer direct drawing that naturally projects with the world;
  • a view-mode label manually projected into screen space;
  • a movable drawing following through MovementController.

The best option depends on whether the object should:

  • appear once per view;
  • be clipped with the scene layer;
  • remain fixed-size on screen;
  • participate in screen-space input.

Common Mistakes

Treating Camera.PositionPx as the center

Wrong:

camera.SnapTo(playerCenter);

Correct:

camera.CenterOn(playerCenter);

or:

camera.FollowCentered(player);

Using a continuous method for a one-shot pan

This remains active:

camera.PanCenterTo(point, speed);

This stops after arriving:

camera.PanCenterToOnce(point, speed);

Assuming SnapTo cancels follow

camera.SnapTo(newPosition);

may be followed by another follow update.

Use:

camera.ClearFollow();
camera.SnapTo(newPosition);

Subtracting the viewport origin twice

The conversion methods already include TargetRectPx.Left and Top.

Wrong:

PointF screen =
    view.WorldPxToScreenPx(layer, world);

screen.X += view.Viewport.TargetRectPx.Left;
screen.Y += view.Viewport.TargetRectPx.Top;

Correct:

PointF screen =
    view.WorldPxToScreenPx(layer, world);

Treating final screen coordinates as viewport-local

Normal final draw coordinates are absolute adapter coordinates.

A point at screen (620, 340) inside a viewport at (400, 100) should normally remain (620, 340) when passed to Gondwana's screen-space drawing APIs.

Ignoring layer parallax during conversion

Wrong:

view.ScreenPxToWorldPx(
    arbitraryLayer,
    mouse);

Use the layer that owns the object or interaction.

Applying camera movement to view-mode UI

View-mode UI is already screen-space.

Do not manually subtract camera position.

Setting velocity while follow is active

Follow owns the movement frame first.

Call:

mover.Movement.Unfollow();

before relying on integrated velocity.

Using pixel units without identifying the pixel space

Write variable names such as:

worldPx
screenPx
offsetWorldPx
offsetScreenPx

Avoid:

position
offset
rect

when the space is not otherwise obvious.

Assuming every pixel-space target position is its center

Custom IMovable implementations may report a top-left position.

When centering a camera, supply an explicit center delegate when needed:

camera.Follow(
    () => customObject.GetCenterWorldPx());

Troubleshooting

The camera does not move

Check:

  1. Is the expected view the one being rendered?
  2. Is the camera clamped by WorldBoundsPx?
  3. Is the world smaller than the visible world region?
  4. Is a follow or pan target immediately replacing your manual move?
  5. Is the scene actually bound to the render-surface host?

The camera moves and then snaps back

A continuous follow is probably still active.

camera.ClearFollow();

before manual movement.

The camera centers beside the target

Check whether the supplied point is:

  • top-left;
  • anchor point;
  • center.

Use a center method only with a true point of interest.

The target is centered incorrectly at different zoom levels

Check:

  • visible world size;
  • zoom convention in the current engine version;
  • whether the camera target was calculated manually using screen size instead of visible world size.

Prefer built-in center methods.

Mouse picking is offset in a secondary view

Check that the mouse position is passed as absolute adapter coordinates.

Do not first make it viewport-local unless the called API requires that.

Also confirm the correct View and SceneLayer are used.

A minimap displays the wrong area

Each view has its own camera.

Make sure the minimap's camera is being moved rather than the primary view's camera.

Store references instead of assuming Views[0].

A HUD appears in the wrong view

View-mode direct drawings belong to a specific View.

Verify:

  • the view passed to the drawing constructor;
  • absolute ScreenBounds;
  • TargetRectPx;
  • view Z-order.

Smooth movement feels different across machines

Camera smoothing and movement integration are time-based.

Check that:

  • the engine update loop is running normally;
  • large debugger pauses are not being interpreted as gameplay;
  • speed values are in the intended units;
  • no code is manually applying frame-count-dependent deltas.

The camera exposes space outside the map

Check:

camera.WorldBoundsPx

and whether the scene was bound with:

limitCameraToWorldBoundPx: false

Also verify the visible world region is not larger than the map.

Zoom feels inverted

Review the maintainer warning at the top of this page and verify the engine version's world/screen conversion convention.

Quick Reference

Primary setup

var host = renderSurface.Host;

host.Bind(scene);

var view = host.ViewManager.Views[0];
var camera = view.Camera;
var viewport = view.Viewport;

Instant positioning

camera.SnapTo(worldUpperLeftPx);

camera.PanBy(deltaWorldPx);

camera.CenterOn(worldCenterPx);

camera.CenterOnGrid(layer, col, row);

One-shot movement

camera.PanTo(worldUpperLeftPx, speed);

camera.PanToOverDuration(
    worldUpperLeftPx,
    durationSeconds);

camera.PanCenterToOnce(
    worldCenterPx,
    speed);

camera.PanCenterToOverDuration(
    worldCenterPx,
    durationSeconds);

camera.PanToGridOverDuration(
    layer,
    col,
    row,
    durationSeconds);

Continuous follow

camera.Follow(
    () => worldPointPx);

camera.FollowTo(
    fixedWorldPointPx);

camera.FollowCentered(
    target);

camera.FollowCenteredX(
    target);

camera.FollowCenteredY(
    target);

camera.PanCenterTo(
    fixedWorldPointPx,
    speed);

camera.AnimateCenterOnGrid(
    layer,
    col,
    row,
    speed);

Cancel camera motion

camera.ClearFollow();

Camera tuning

camera.FollowLerpPerSecond = 8f;

camera.DeadZonePx =
    new Rectangle(x, y, width, height);

camera.WorldBoundsPx =
    scene.GetWorldBoundsPx();

Zoom

viewport.SnapZoom(zoom);

viewport.ZoomTo(
    targetZoom,
    lerpPerSecond);

viewport.ZoomToOverDuration(
    targetZoom,
    durationSeconds);

view.ZoomAroundScreenPoint(
    layer,
    screenPoint,
    targetZoom,
    durationSeconds);

Coordinate conversion

PointF screenPx =
    view.WorldPxToScreenPx(
        layer,
        worldPx);

PointF worldPx =
    view.ScreenPxToWorldPx(
        layer,
        screenPx);

PointF grid =
    view.ScreenPxToGrid(
        layer,
        screenPx);

RectangleF screenRect =
    view.WorldRectToScreenRect(
        layer,
        worldRect);

RectangleF worldRect =
    view.ScreenRectToWorldRect(
        layer,
        screenRect);

View layouts

host.ViewManager.ConfigureSingleFullView();

host.ViewManager.ConfigureVerticalSplit();

host.ViewManager.ConfigureHorizontalSplit();

host.ViewManager.AddView(
    targetRectPx,
    zoom,
    zOrder,
    worldBoundsPx);

host.ViewManager.ClearViews();

Object scripted movement

mover.Movement.MoveTo(
    target,
    durationSec);

mover.Movement.MoveBy(
    delta,
    durationSec);

mover.Movement.MoveToward(
    target,
    speedPerSec);

Object integrated movement

mover.Movement.SetVelocity(velocity);

mover.Movement.SetAcceleration(acceleration);

mover.Movement.SetMaxSpeed(maxSpeed);

mover.Movement.SetLinearDamping(damping);

Stop object movement

mover.Movement.Unfollow();

mover.Movement.CancelScript();

mover.Movement.StopAllMovement();

Glossary

Term Meaning
Adapter Platform-specific render surface, such as a WinForms control
Camera World-space upper-left position and follow/pan behavior for one view
Camera upper-left World pixel corresponding to the view's visible upper-left
Dead zone Region in which a follow target may move without moving the camera
Grid coordinates Tile or layer coordinates
Hard follow Target is applied immediately each update
One-shot pan Camera movement that stops after reaching its destination
Parallax Layer multiplier controlling how strongly camera movement affects that layer
Screen pixels Absolute pixels on the complete adapter/backbuffer
Soft follow Smoothed movement toward a target
View One camera and one viewport observing a scene
Viewport Screen rectangle, zoom, and screen offset for a view
World pixels Pixel-like logical units inside the scene
World bounds World rectangle within which camera movement may be constrained
Zoom Scale relationship between visible world and viewport
MovementController Movement system for IMovable objects, not for cameras
MovementSpace.Grid Movement positions and speeds expressed in grid units
MovementSpace.Pixel Movement positions and speeds expressed in context-specific pixel units

Related Source Files

Related wiki pages:

Final Mental Model

Remember these distinctions:

A scene contains the world.

A camera chooses which part of that world a view observes.

A viewport chooses where that view appears on the render surface.

Final screen coordinates are absolute adapter pixels, even though rendering is performed per view.

Camera methods move the observation. MovementController moves objects.

Instant, one-shot, and continuous camera methods are intentionally different contracts.

Once those rules are clear, most camera code becomes a matter of choosing the method that matches the intended lifetime and coordinate space.

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