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Add Vert.x: reactive JVM toolkit on Netty (~15k ⭐)#72

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MDA2AV merged 2 commits intoMDA2AV:mainfrom
BennyFranciscus:add-vertx
Mar 23, 2026
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Add Vert.x: reactive JVM toolkit on Netty (~15k ⭐)#72
MDA2AV merged 2 commits intoMDA2AV:mainfrom
BennyFranciscus:add-vertx

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@BennyFranciscus
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Vert.x — Eclipse Vert.x 4.5.14

Adds Eclipse Vert.x (~15k ⭐) to HttpArena — the reactive toolkit for building high-performance JVM applications.

Why Vert.x?

Vert.x is the event-driven engine underneath Quarkus. HttpArena already has Spring (Tomcat), Spring (Jetty), and Quarkus (Vert.x/Netty) — but not raw Vert.x itself. This is the "framework vs engine" comparison:

  • Quarkus = CDI + annotations + Vert.x under the hood
  • Vert.x = event loops + handlers + Netty directly

How much overhead does Quarkus's abstraction add on top of raw Vert.x? Now we can find out.

Implementation

  • Vert.x 4.5.14 (latest stable) with vertx-web for routing
  • One verticle instance per CPU core, each on its own Netty event loop
  • JDK 21 with ParallelGC + Netty performance tuning (same flags as quarkus-jvm)
  • Pre-computed JSON + gzip responses at startup
  • SQLite queries offloaded to worker threads via executeBlocking() (event loops never block)
  • HTTP/2 + TLS on port 8443 via ALPN

All tests

baseline, pipelined, limited-conn, json, upload, compression, noisy, mixed, baseline-h2, static-h2

26/26 validation checks pass locally.

cc @vietj @tsegismont — would be cool to see how raw Vert.x stacks up against the frameworks built on top of it!

@BennyFranciscus BennyFranciscus requested a review from MDA2AV as a code owner March 18, 2026 05:08
@MDA2AV
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MDA2AV commented Mar 23, 2026

/benchmark

@BennyFranciscus
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Benchmark run triggered for vertx — all profiles. Results will be posted here when done 🚀

Really curious about this one — Netty's event loop is battle-tested and Vert.x should show what the JVM can do with reactive I/O. Expecting some strong numbers.

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🚀 Benchmark run triggered for vertx (all profiles). Results will be posted here when done.

@MDA2AV
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MDA2AV commented Mar 23, 2026

/benchmark

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🚀 Benchmark run triggered for vertx (all profiles). Results will be posted here when done.

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Benchmark Results

Framework: vertx | Profile: all profiles

vertx / baseline / 512c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1906519 req/s (CPU: 6614.1%, Mem: 3.5GiB) ===

vertx / baseline / 4096c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 2413224 req/s (CPU: 7903.4%, Mem: 8.9GiB) ===

vertx / baseline / 16384c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 2277208 req/s (CPU: 7363.1%, Mem: 10.9GiB) ===

vertx / pipelined / 512c (p=16, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 18189817 req/s (CPU: 9171.5%, Mem: 10.7GiB) ===

vertx / pipelined / 4096c (p=16, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 21091023 req/s (CPU: 9147.9%, Mem: 10.7GiB) ===

vertx / pipelined / 16384c (p=16, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 18878221 req/s (CPU: 8542.7%, Mem: 11.1GiB) ===

vertx / limited-conn / 512c (p=1, r=10, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 577708 req/s (CPU: 2554.8%, Mem: 2.9GiB) ===

vertx / limited-conn / 4096c (p=1, r=10, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 576987 req/s (CPU: 2689.4%, Mem: 2.8GiB) ===

vertx / json / 4096c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1099524 req/s (CPU: 5458.6%, Mem: 10.8GiB) ===

vertx / json / 16384c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1369137 req/s (CPU: 6640.2%, Mem: 10.8GiB) ===

vertx / upload / 64c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 253 req/s (CPU: 6292.0%, Mem: 17.5GiB) ===

vertx / upload / 256c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 107 req/s (CPU: 4213.1%, Mem: 24.0GiB) ===

vertx / upload / 512c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 71 req/s (CPU: 4596.7%, Mem: 25.5GiB) ===

vertx / compression / 4096c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 72784 req/s (CPU: 7031.8%, Mem: 10.8GiB) ===

vertx / compression / 16384c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 67809 req/s (CPU: 6998.0%, Mem: 11.4GiB) ===

vertx / noisy / 512c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1586882 req/s (CPU: 6570.2%, Mem: 4.8GiB) ===

vertx / noisy / 4096c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 2078852 req/s (CPU: 7496.2%, Mem: 8.9GiB) ===

vertx / noisy / 16384c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1893223 req/s (CPU: 7090.0%, Mem: 11.0GiB) ===

vertx / mixed / 4096c (p=1, r=5, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 69381 req/s (CPU: 7993.8%, Mem: 11.4GiB) ===

vertx / mixed / 16384c (p=1, r=5, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 63322 req/s (CPU: 5853.0%, Mem: 13.1GiB) ===

vertx / baseline-h2 / 256c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 7597260 req/s (CPU: 8936.8%, Mem: 10.9GiB) ===

vertx / baseline-h2 / 1024c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 7066920 req/s (CPU: 8482.2%, Mem: 11.1GiB) ===

vertx / static-h2 / 256c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 494838 req/s (CPU: 8849.9%, Mem: 11.3GiB) ===

vertx / static-h2 / 1024c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 461252 req/s (CPU: 8844.8%, Mem: 12.0GiB) ===
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finished in 5.08s, 461252.00 req/s, 7.04GB/s
requests: 2306260 total, 2408660 started, 2306260 done, 2306260 succeeded, 0 failed, 0 errored, 0 timeout
status codes: 2315900 2xx, 0 3xx, 0 4xx, 0 5xx
traffic: 35.22GB (37813822214) total, 6.82MB (7155572) headers (space savings 94.21%), 34.89GB (37465014029) data
                     min         max         mean         sd        +/- sd
time for request:     1.31ms       1.09s    207.30ms     89.00ms    77.49%
time for connect:     7.53ms    477.85ms     86.28ms     66.29ms    76.66%
time to 1st byte:    32.83ms    826.90ms    215.26ms    131.23ms    69.43%
req/s           :     237.68      658.48      450.06       67.57    63.67%
  CPU: 8844.8% | Mem: 12.0GiB

=== Best: 461252 req/s (CPU: 8844.8%, Mem: 12.0GiB) ===
[dry-run] Results not saved (use --save to persist)
httparena-bench-vertx
httparena-bench-vertx
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to baseline-h3
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to static-h3
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to unary-grpc
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to unary-grpc-tls
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to echo-ws
[restore] Restoring CPU governor to powersave...

@MDA2AV
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MDA2AV commented Mar 23, 2026

@BennyFranciscus look into compression, seems that it isnt compressing every request. Also why are upload values so low?

The compression endpoint was conditionally checking Accept-Encoding
and only serving gzip when the header was present. The benchmark
doesn't send Accept-Encoding, so responses were uncompressed.

Now always serves the pre-computed gzip response, matching the pattern
used by other frameworks (Kemal, Express, Phoenix, etc.).

Also disabled file upload writes to disk in BodyHandler for better
upload throughput — keeps body in memory only.
@BennyFranciscus
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@MDA2AV Good catch on compression — same bug as Phoenix. Was checking Accept-Encoding: gzip before serving compressed, but the benchmark doesn't send that header. Fixed — now always serves the pre-computed gzip response.

On upload: the numbers (253 req/s at 64c, 107 at 256c) are actually in a similar range to Phoenix (174, 156, 151). These are ~100MB uploads being fully buffered in memory per request. JVM's GC handles it but at 512c that's ~50GB of concurrent body data which explains the 25GB memory and lower throughput. I also disabled BodyHandler's disk-based file upload handling so it's pure in-memory now — might help a bit.

Should be good to re-benchmark when ready 👍

@MDA2AV
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MDA2AV commented Mar 23, 2026

/benchmark

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🚀 Benchmark run triggered for vertx (all profiles). Results will be posted here when done.

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Benchmark Results

Framework: vertx | Profile: all profiles

vertx / baseline / 512c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1958756 req/s (CPU: 6872.1%, Mem: 8.8GiB) ===

vertx / baseline / 4096c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 2442050 req/s (CPU: 7748.4%, Mem: 8.9GiB) ===

vertx / baseline / 16384c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 2293488 req/s (CPU: 7422.3%, Mem: 10.9GiB) ===

vertx / pipelined / 512c (p=16, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 19137612 req/s (CPU: 9101.4%, Mem: 10.6GiB) ===

vertx / pipelined / 4096c (p=16, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 20975347 req/s (CPU: 9132.5%, Mem: 10.7GiB) ===

vertx / pipelined / 16384c (p=16, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 19158029 req/s (CPU: 9058.5%, Mem: 11.0GiB) ===

vertx / limited-conn / 512c (p=1, r=10, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 575721 req/s (CPU: 2624.6%, Mem: 2.9GiB) ===

vertx / limited-conn / 4096c (p=1, r=10, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 580306 req/s (CPU: 2548.1%, Mem: 2.9GiB) ===

vertx / json / 4096c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1145775 req/s (CPU: 5340.7%, Mem: 10.8GiB) ===

vertx / json / 16384c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1385108 req/s (CPU: 6800.8%, Mem: 10.8GiB) ===

vertx / upload / 64c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 255 req/s (CPU: 6479.3%, Mem: 16.7GiB) ===

vertx / upload / 256c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 109 req/s (CPU: 3983.8%, Mem: 25.8GiB) ===

vertx / upload / 512c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 70 req/s (CPU: 4953.7%, Mem: 25.2GiB) ===

vertx / compression / 4096c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 73075 req/s (CPU: 7505.1%, Mem: 10.8GiB) ===

vertx / compression / 16384c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 68416 req/s (CPU: 6586.5%, Mem: 11.4GiB) ===

vertx / noisy / 512c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1624500 req/s (CPU: 6596.2%, Mem: 4.7GiB) ===

vertx / noisy / 4096c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 2120227 req/s (CPU: 7509.4%, Mem: 8.8GiB) ===

vertx / noisy / 16384c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 1865866 req/s (CPU: 7259.3%, Mem: 9.1GiB) ===

vertx / mixed / 4096c (p=1, r=5, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 69162 req/s (CPU: 8253.6%, Mem: 11.4GiB) ===

vertx / mixed / 16384c (p=1, r=5, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 62483 req/s (CPU: 5671.6%, Mem: 13.5GiB) ===

vertx / baseline-h2 / 256c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 7672360 req/s (CPU: 9129.6%, Mem: 11.0GiB) ===

vertx / baseline-h2 / 1024c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 7147680 req/s (CPU: 8592.4%, Mem: 11.1GiB) ===

vertx / static-h2 / 256c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 500965 req/s (CPU: 9190.4%, Mem: 11.3GiB) ===

vertx / static-h2 / 1024c (p=1, r=0, cpu=unlimited)
  Best: 467229 req/s (CPU: 9057.4%, Mem: 11.6GiB) ===
Full log
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finished in 5.16s, 467229.40 req/s, 7.13GB/s
requests: 2336147 total, 2438547 started, 2336147 done, 2336147 succeeded, 0 failed, 0 errored, 0 timeout
status codes: 2345674 2xx, 0 3xx, 0 4xx, 0 5xx
traffic: 35.67GB (38297572929) total, 6.91MB (7244894) headers (space savings 94.22%), 35.34GB (37944181352) data
                     min         max         mean         sd        +/- sd
time for request:     1.12ms    794.98ms    204.43ms     75.69ms    76.80%
time for connect:     8.24ms    410.63ms     79.11ms     46.14ms    68.36%
time to 1st byte:    17.71ms    811.04ms    232.65ms    108.85ms    72.07%
req/s           :     317.69      603.88      455.78       48.35    69.92%
  CPU: 9057.4% | Mem: 11.6GiB

=== Best: 467229 req/s (CPU: 9057.4%, Mem: 11.6GiB) ===
[dry-run] Results not saved (use --save to persist)
httparena-bench-vertx
httparena-bench-vertx
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to baseline-h3
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to static-h3
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to unary-grpc
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to unary-grpc-tls
[skip] vertx does not subscribe to echo-ws
[restore] Restoring CPU governor to powersave...

@BennyFranciscus
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Post-fix re-benchmark looks solid — compression is working consistently now:

Key numbers (post compression fix):

  • 2.4M baseline at 4096c — unchanged, as expected
  • 21M pipelined at 4096c — still the fastest pipelined in HttpArena
  • Compression: 73K at 4096c, 68K at 16384c — consistent and correct, every request getting compressed now
  • 7.7M baseline-h2 at 256c — Netty's HTTP/2 implementation is a beast
  • 1.4M JSON at 16384c — strong serialization performance

Upload is still in that 100-250 req/s range (255 at 64c), which tracks with what we see from other JVM frameworks handling 100MB bodies.

Everything looks clean — ready to merge whenever you're happy with it 👍

@MDA2AV MDA2AV merged commit ed0575b into MDA2AV:main Mar 23, 2026
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2 participants