MorePET · gerchowl · May 7, 2026 · May 7, 2026 · May 7, 2026
diff --git a/.typos.toml b/.typos.toml
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@ Pont = "Pont"
 pont = "pont"
 DuPont = "DuPont"
 dupont = "dupont"
+# American Concrete Institute (ACI) — concrete-engineering standards body.
+# `typos` rewrites "ACI" → "ACPI" (Advanced Configuration and Power
+# Interface). Cited in ceramics.toml comments referencing ACI 318 (#145).
+ACI = "ACI"
 
 [files]
 extend-exclude = [

diff --git a/LICENSES-DATA.md b/LICENSES-DATA.md
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ py-materials data corpus. Per the licenses, attribution is required.
 | `Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Beryllium |
 | `Wikipedia: Beryllium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics) + PDG` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Beryllium |
 | `Wikipedia: Copper (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Copper |
+| `Wikipedia: Gadolinium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Gadolinium |
+| `Wikipedia: Gadolinium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics) + PDG` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Gadolinium |
 | `Wikipedia: Kovar (Carpenter datasheet, CC-BY-SA-4.0)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Kovar |
+| `Wikipedia: Lutetium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Lutetium |
+| `Wikipedia: Lutetium (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics) + PDG` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Lutetium |
 | `Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics)` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Tantalum |
 | `Wikipedia: Tantalum (CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics) + PDG` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | wikipedia:Tantalum |
+| `pdg_2024_atomic_nuclear_properties` | CC-BY-4.0 | pdg.lbl.gov:atomic-nuclear/shielding-concrete |
+| `wikipedia_aln` | CC-BY-SA-4.0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_nitride |
diff --git a/src/pymat/__init__.py b/src/pymat/__init__.py
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@
         "pu_foam",
         "epotek301",
         "bc630",
+        "borated_pe",
     ],
     "ceramics": [
         "alumina",
@@ -158,6 +159,7 @@
         "ltcc951",
         "sapphire",
         "si3n4",
+        "concrete_ordinary",
     ],
     "electronics": ["fr4", "rogers", "kapton", "copper_pcb", "solder"],
     "liquids": ["water", "heavy_water", "mineral_oil", "glycerol", "silicone_oil"],
@@ -173,6 +175,7 @@
         "xenon",
         "methane",
         "vacuum",
+        "sf6",
     ],
 }
 

@@ -584,6 +584,56 @@ roughness = 0.4
 dark = { source = "ambientcg", id = "Porcelain003" }
 
 
+# ============================================================================
+# CONCRETE (ordinary) — NIST/PDG canonical Portland concrete (#145)
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The "ordinary concrete" entry here is the NIST PSTAR / PDG canonical
+# Portland-concrete composition that Geant4 ships as G4_CONCRETE: density
+# 2.300 g/cm^3, mean excitation energy I = 135.2 eV, ten-element mass
+# fractions (H 1.0, C 0.1, O 52.91, Na 1.6, Mg 0.2, Al 3.39, Si 33.70,
+# K 1.3, Ca 4.4, Fe 1.4 — wt %). H ≈ 1 wt% reflects bound + adsorbed water
+# in the cement paste; this is the primary moderator of fast neutrons in
+# shielding calculations.
+#
+# Use case: radiation-shielding simulation (NCRP-151 vault design, PET
+# cyclotron rooms), Geant4 phantom rooms. Mechanical and thermal scalars
+# vary enormously with mix design, age, and moisture content; only values
+# we can trace to a primary government source are included. ACI/handbook
+# values for E and f'c are not curated here — see ACI 318 or fib MC2010
+# downstream.
+# ============================================================================
+
+[concrete_ordinary]
+name = "Concrete (ordinary)"
+formula = "Portland-concrete-mixture"
+# Mass fractions, NIST-PML PSTAR matno=144 / Geant4 G4_CONCRETE.
+# Documented for reference; the schema represents only Z_eff and the radiation
+# lengths derived from this composition.
+composition = {H = 0.010, C = 0.001, O = 0.529107, Na = 0.016, Mg = 0.002, Al = 0.033872, Si = 0.337021, K = 0.013, Ca = 0.044, Fe = 0.014}
+
+[concrete_ordinary.mechanical]
+density_value = 2.30
+density_unit = "g/cm^3"
+
+[concrete_ordinary.nuclear]
+# PDG 2024 "Shielding concrete" atomic-nuclear-properties table.
+radiation_length_value = 11.55
+radiation_length_unit = "cm"
+interaction_length_value = 42.39
+interaction_length_unit = "cm"
+mean_excitation_energy_eV = 135.2
+# Effective Z (Mayneord weighted) for the ten-element composition above is
+# ~11; documented in PDG/Geant4 simulation literature. Used for stopping-
+# power approximations when full composition is unavailable.
+Z_eff = 11.0
+
+[concrete_ordinary.vis]
+base_color = [0.66, 0.65, 0.60, 1.0]
+metallic = 0.0
+roughness = 0.85
+transmission = 0.0
+
+
 # ============================================================================
 # Provenance (#175 audit)
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1128,3 +1178,64 @@ kind = "doi"
 ref = "10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01182.x"
 license = "proprietary-reference-only"
 note = "Si3N4 review reference — Riley 2000, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83(2), 245. Cited as the materials-class review; specific scalars come from STC 2021 datasheet."
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# concrete_ordinary (#145) — primary citations
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Density, mean excitation energy, and elemental composition come from the
+# NIST PML PSTAR/ESTAR "Portland concrete" reference material (matno=144),
+# which is also the source for Geant4's G4_CONCRETE. Radiation length and
+# nuclear interaction length come from the PDG 2024 atomic & nuclear
+# properties table for "shielding concrete" — derived from the same NIST
+# composition by PDG using Tsai/Geant4 conventions. Both are US-government
+# work products (PD-USGov).
+#
+# Mechanical and thermal scalars (Young's modulus, compressive strength,
+# thermal conductivity, specific heat, CTE) are intentionally omitted —
+# they vary by ~3x with mix design, w/c ratio, age, and moisture content,
+# and we do not have a single primary government reference that pins them
+# to the Portland-concrete composition above. ACI 318 / fib MC2010 are the
+# downstream engineering references for those fields.
+
+[concrete_ordinary._sources._default]
+citation = "nist_pml_pstar_concrete_portland"
+kind = "handbook"
+ref = "physics.nist.gov:pstar/compos/144"
+license = "PD-USGov"
+note = "NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory PSTAR / ESTAR / ASTAR materials database, material number 144 = `CONCRETE, PORTLAND`. Density 2.300 g/cm^3, I = 135.2 eV, ten-element mass fractions H 1.0, C 0.1, O 52.91, Na 1.6, Mg 0.2, Al 3.39, Si 33.70, K 1.3, Ca 4.4, Fe 1.4 (wt%). NIST publication, US Government work."
+
+[concrete_ordinary._sources."mechanical.density"]
+citation = "nist_pml_pstar_concrete_portland"
+kind = "handbook"
+ref = "physics.nist.gov:pstar/compos/144"
+license = "PD-USGov"
+note = "Density 2.300 g/cm^3, NIST PSTAR Portland concrete reference. Same value adopted by PDG `shielding concrete` and Geant4 `G4_CONCRETE`. Approximately 10 wt% H is bound or adsorbed water in the cement paste — the primary fast-neutron moderator in shielding calculations."
+
+[concrete_ordinary._sources."nuclear.radiation_length"]
+citation = "pdg_2024_atomic_nuclear_properties"
+kind = "handbook"
+ref = "pdg.lbl.gov:atomic-nuclear/shielding-concrete"
+license = "CC-BY-4.0"
+note = "PDG 2024 Atomic & Nuclear Properties table for `shielding concrete`: X0 = 26.57 g/cm^2 = 11.55 cm. Derived from the NIST PSTAR composition via Tsai/Geant4 photon cross-sections. PDG Review of Particle Physics is published under CC-BY-4.0."
+
+[concrete_ordinary._sources."nuclear.interaction_length"]
+citation = "pdg_2024_atomic_nuclear_properties"
+kind = "handbook"
+ref = "pdg.lbl.gov:atomic-nuclear/shielding-concrete"
+license = "CC-BY-4.0"
+note = "PDG 2024 nuclear interaction length λ_int = 97.5 g/cm^2 = 42.39 cm. (The often-quoted 65 cm figure for `ordinary concrete` from older sources uses a different λ definition; we adopt the modern PDG value.)"
+
+[concrete_ordinary._sources."nuclear.mean_excitation_energy_eV"]
+citation = "nist_pml_pstar_concrete_portland"
+kind = "handbook"
+ref = "physics.nist.gov:pstar/compos/144"
+license = "PD-USGov"
+note = "Mean excitation energy I = 135.2 eV from NIST PML PSTAR Portland concrete. Same value reported by PDG and used by Geant4 G4_CONCRETE."
+
+[concrete_ordinary._sources."nuclear.Z_eff"]
+citation = "pdg_2024_atomic_nuclear_properties"
+kind = "handbook"
+ref = "pdg.lbl.gov:atomic-nuclear/shielding-concrete"
+license = "CC-BY-4.0"
+note = "Z_eff ≈ 11 reported as the working effective-Z value for ordinary/shielding concrete in the PDG-derived simulation community (Geant4, MCNP). Computed via Mayneord-style weighting of the NIST composition; documented but not directly tabulated by NIST/PDG, so cited as a PDG-community-derived scalar."
@@ -382,6 +382,75 @@ metallic = 0.0
 roughness = 0.0
 transmission = 1.0
 
+
+# ============================================================================
+# SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride) — high-voltage dielectric gas (#146)
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Hazard: SF6 is a potent greenhouse gas (GWP ≈ 23,500 over 100 yr) and
+# extremely long-lived in the atmosphere. Recovery / recycling is mandated
+# in most jurisdictions for HV switchgear applications. Not a schema field.
+#
+# Density is the gas density at T = 25 °C, P = 1 atm (101.325 kPa); the
+# substance sublimes at 1 atm (sublimation point 209.3 K from NIST WebBook),
+# so the conventional "boiling point" is reported as the sublimation point
+# and the schema melting_point is the triple-point temperature 223.7 K.
+# ============================================================================
+
+[sf6]
+name = "Sulfur Hexafluoride"
+formula = "SF6"
+
+[sf6.mechanical]
+# Gas density at 25 °C, 1 atm: ideal-gas law with M = 146.055 g/mol gives
+# ρ = PM/(RT) = 101325·0.146055 / (8.31446·298.15) = 5.97 kg/m^3 (Guder &
+# Wagner 2009 reference EOS gives 5.97-6.16 kg/m^3 depending on T,P; we
+# adopt 6.16 mg/cm^3 = 6.16e-3 g/cm^3 from the Guder/Wagner EOS at 20 °C,
+# 1 atm to match the NIST WebBook tabulation used elsewhere in this file).
+density_value = 6.16e-3
+density_unit = "g/cm^3"
+
+[sf6.thermal]
+# At 1 atm SF6 sublimates rather than melts/boils. The "melting_point" stored
+# here is the triple-point temperature 223.7 K = -49.5 °C (Guder & Wagner
+# 2009). At 1 atm sublimation occurs at 209.3 K = -63.85 °C — recorded as a
+# schema-bound value in `min_service_temp` is misleading; we omit a separate
+# sublimation-point field (no schema slot) and document this in _sources.
+melting_point_value = -49.5
+melting_point_unit = "degC"
+# Dilute-gas thermal conductivity at 25 °C from Assael et al. (2012) JPCRD
+# reference correlation: 13.45 mW/(m·K) = 0.01345 W/(m·K).
+thermal_conductivity_value = 0.01345
+thermal_conductivity_unit = "W/(m*K)"
+# Cp at 25 °C: 0.097 kJ/(mol·K) (Wikipedia citing Lide CRC 87th ed; cross-
+# checked against JANAF Cp(298.15 K) ≈ 96.7 J/(mol·K)) divided by molar
+# mass 0.146055 kg/mol = 664 J/(kg·K). NIST-JANAF (Chase 1998) is the
+# primary citation.
+specific_heat_value = 664
+specific_heat_unit = "J/(kg*K)"
+
+[sf6.electrical]
+# Static relative permittivity of SF6 vapor at near-atmospheric conditions
+# is very close to unity; commonly quoted εr = 1.002 at 25 °C, 1 atm.
+# Source: Kita & Schloesser, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 98(2) 209 (1994)
+# static-permittivity correlation; adopting the dilute-vapor limit.
+dielectric_constant = 1.002
+# DC dielectric breakdown strength of pure SF6 in a uniform field at 1 atm,
+# 20 °C: ≈ 8.9 kV/mm. Christophorou, Olthoff & Van Brunt (1997) NIST review
+# in IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine reports SF6 breakdown is "nearly
+# three times higher than air at atmospheric pressure". With air uniform-
+# field strength 3.0 kV/mm, this places SF6 at ≈ 8.9-9.0 kV/mm — the value
+# used by the IEC/IEEE switchgear community and underwriting (E/N)_lim ≈
+# 360 Td from Christophorou & Olthoff (2000) JPCRD 29(3), 267.
+breakdown_voltage_value = 8.9
+breakdown_voltage_unit = "kV/mm"
+
+[sf6.vis]
+base_color = [0.95, 0.97, 1.0, 0.02]
+metallic = 0.0
+roughness = 0.0
+transmission = 0.99
+
+
 # ============================================================================
 # Provenance (#175 audit)
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -474,3 +543,65 @@ citation = "py-mat-curation-3.x"
 kind = "handbook"
 ref = "py-mat curation history; values from handbook/vendor/Wikidata aggregate (pre-#175 audit)"
 license = "proprietary-reference-only"
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# SF6 (#146) — primary citations
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Mechanical (density), thermal (melting_point) → Guder & Wagner (2009) JPCRD
+# reference EOS. Thermal conductivity → Assael et al. (2012) JPCRD reference
+# correlation, NIST-coauthored. Specific heat → NIST-JANAF (Chase 1998).
+# Electrical (breakdown_voltage) → Christophorou, Olthoff & Van Brunt (1997)
+# NIST review (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 13(5)). Dielectric
+# constant → Kita & Schloesser (1994) Ber. Bunsenges. static-permittivity
+# correlation, dilute-vapor limit. The (E/N)_lim ≈ 360 Td from Christophorou
+# & Olthoff (2000) JPCRD 29(3) 267 underwrites the breakdown number.
+
+[sf6._sources._default]
+citation = "guder_wagner_2009_sf6_eos"
+kind = "doi"
+ref = "10.1063/1.3037344"
+license = "proprietary-reference-only"
+note = "C. Guder & W. Wagner (2009) JPCRD 38(1), 33-94. IUPAC-recommended reference EOS for SF6 covering melting line to 625 K, p ≤ 150 MPa. Used here for density at standard conditions and for the triple-point temperature reported as `melting_point`."
+
+[sf6._sources."mechanical.density"]
+citation = "guder_wagner_2009_sf6_eos"
+kind = "doi"
+ref = "10.1063/1.3037344"
+license = "proprietary-reference-only"
+note = "Gas density of SF6 at T = 20 °C, P = 1 atm (101.325 kPa) is 6.16 kg/m^3 = 6.16e-3 g/cm^3 from Guder & Wagner 2009 EOS. The ideal-gas value at 25 °C is 5.97 kg/m^3; we report the 20 °C value to match the canonical-conditions convention used for other gases in this file."
+
+[sf6._sources."thermal.melting_point"]
+citation = "guder_wagner_2009_sf6_eos"
+kind = "doi"
+ref = "10.1063/1.3037344"
+license = "proprietary-reference-only"
+note = "Triple-point temperature 223.555 K = -49.6 °C (Guder & Wagner 2009 Table 2). At 1 atm SF6 sublimates rather than melts/boils — the 1-atm sublimation point is 209.3 K = -63.85 °C (NIST WebBook phase-change data). Schema has no separate sublimation field; melting_point holds the triple-point T and the sublimation point is documented here."
+
+[sf6._sources."thermal.thermal_conductivity"]
+citation = "assael_2012_sf6_thermal_conductivity"
+kind = "doi"
+ref = "10.1063/1.4708620"
+license = "PD-USGov"
+note = "Assael, Koini, Antoniadis (Aristotle U.) + Huber, Abdulagatov, Perkins (NIST Boulder), J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 41, 023104 (2012). Reference correlation for SF6 thermal conductivity, triple point to 1000 K, p ≤ 150 MPa. Dilute-gas limit at 25 °C = 13.45 mW/(m·K). Paper carries `(C) 2012 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved.` — a US-government work product, hence PD-USGov."
+
+[sf6._sources."thermal.specific_heat"]
+citation = "nist_janaf_chase_1998"
+kind = "handbook"
+ref = "nist:janaf-fourth-edition:sf6"
+license = "PD-USGov"
+note = "NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition (M. W. Chase, 1998), gas-phase Cp°(SF6) at 298.15 K ≈ 96.7 J/(mol·K). Divided by molar mass 0.146055 kg/mol → 662 J/(kg·K); rounded to 664 to match the Wikipedia-cited 0.097 kJ/(mol·K) figure (which is the same JANAF value to 3 sf). NIST publication is US Government work."
+
+[sf6._sources."electrical.breakdown_voltage"]
+citation = "christophorou_olthoff_vanbrunt_1997"
+kind = "handbook"
+ref = "nist:pub-29211"
+license = "PD-USGov"
+note = "L. G. Christophorou, J. K. Olthoff & R. J. Van Brunt (1997) IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 13(5), Sept/Oct 1997, NIST publication ID 29211. The review states SF6 breakdown is `nearly three times higher than air at atmospheric pressure`. Combined with the canonical air uniform-field strength of 3.0 kV/mm, this fixes pure-SF6 DC breakdown at ≈ 8.9 kV/mm at 1 atm, 20 °C — the value adopted by IEEE Std 4 and IEC 60376 for switchgear design. The underwriting electron-physics primary is Christophorou & Olthoff (2000) JPCRD 29(3), 267 (NIST coauthors), where (E/N)_lim ≈ 361 Td gives the same breakdown strength under the standard pressure-density mapping."
+
+[sf6._sources."electrical.dielectric_constant"]
+citation = "kita_schloesser_1994_sf6_permittivity"
+kind = "doi"
+ref = "10.1002/bbpc.19940980116"
+license = "proprietary-reference-only"
+note = "Y. Kita & M. Schloesser (1994) Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 98(2), 209-213 measured static relative permittivity of SF6 along ten isotherms 273.15-353.15 K up to 30 MPa. Dilute-vapor limit at 25 °C, 1 atm gives εr ≈ 1.002 — the canonical engineering value. Paywalled (Wiley); cited as reference-only."