[NIT-4103] Enhance data poster internal state handling

[pmikolajczyk41]

Wrapping DataPoster's internal state into an auxiliary locking state to improve reliability and safety of the mutations.

closes NIT-4103

[github-actions]

❌ 2 Tests Failed:

Tests completed	Failed	Passed	Skipped
2164	2	2162	0

View the top 2 failed tests by shortest run time

TestVersion40

Stack Traces | 8.260s run time

... [CONTENT TRUNCATED: Keeping last 20 lines]
=== PAUSE TestVersion40
=== CONT  TestVersion40
    precompile_inclusion_test.go:90: goroutine 455166 [running]:
        runtime/debug.Stack()
        	/opt/hostedtoolcache/go/1.25.3/x64/src/runtime/debug/stack.go:26 +0x5e
        github.com/offchainlabs/nitro/util/testhelpers.RequireImpl({0x40c3730, 0xc000cb4700}, {0x40810a0, 0xc07638cb70}, {0x0, 0x0, 0x0})
        	/home/runner/work/nitro/nitro/util/testhelpers/testhelpers.go:29 +0x55
        github.com/offchainlabs/nitro/system_tests.Require(0xc000cb4700, {0x40810a0, 0xc07638cb70}, {0x0, 0x0, 0x0})
        	/home/runner/work/nitro/nitro/system_tests/common_test.go:1759 +0x5d
        github.com/offchainlabs/nitro/system_tests.testPrecompiles(0xc000cb4700, 0x28, {0xc07601bdf8, 0x5, 0x39?})
        	/home/runner/work/nitro/nitro/system_tests/precompile_inclusion_test.go:90 +0x371
        github.com/offchainlabs/nitro/system_tests.TestVersion40(0xc000cb4700?)
        	/home/runner/work/nitro/nitro/system_tests/precompile_inclusion_test.go:71 +0x64b
        testing.tRunner(0xc000cb4700, 0x3d09800)
        	/opt/hostedtoolcache/go/1.25.3/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1934 +0xea
        created by testing.(*T).Run in goroutine 1
        	/opt/hostedtoolcache/go/1.25.3/x64/src/testing/testing.go:1997 +0x465
        
    precompile_inclusion_test.go:90: �[31;1m [] execution aborted (timeout = 5s) �[0;0m
--- FAIL: TestVersion40 (8.26s)

TestOutOfGasInStorageCacheFlush

Stack Traces | 34.310s run time

... [CONTENT TRUNCATED: Keeping last 20 lines]
�[90mi	depth	opcode	stack�[0;0m
�[90m0	1	SLOAD	[0x15fed0451499512d95f3ec5a41c878b9de55f21878b5b4e190d4667ec709b400]�[0;0m
�[90m1	1	SLOAD	[0x3c79da47f96b0f39664f73c0a1f350580be90742947dddfa21ba64d578dfe600]�[0;0m
�[90m2	1	CALLDATACOPY	[0x0 0x0 0x0]�[0;0m
�[90m3	1	STOP	[]�[0;0m
�[90mpanic-after-write: len 0.14K vs 0.20K�[0;0m
�[90mpanic-after-write: deployed to 0x209A869BA8373Fc47655D22Ee00e38B6Bf159f0F�[0;0m
�[90mposted new batch 15�[0;0m
�[90mTime to activate panic-after-write: 394.472583ms�[0;0m
�[90mCall trace:�[0;0m
�[90mi	depth	opcode	stack�[0;0m
�[90m0	1	SLOAD	[0x15fed0451499512d95f3ec5a41c878b9de55f21878b5b4e190d4667ec709b400]�[0;0m
�[90m1	1	SLOAD	[0x3c79da47f96b0f39664f73c0a1f350580be90742947dddfa21ba64d578dfe600]�[0;0m
�[90m2	1	CALLDATACOPY	[0x0 0x0 0x0]�[0;0m
�[90m3	1	REVERT	[0x12 0x0]�[0;0m
�[90m4	1	STOP	[]�[0;0m
ERROR[11-12|09:46:55.185] Dangling trie nodes after full cleanup
ERROR[11-12|09:46:55.290] latest L1 block is old                   l1Block=0 l1Timestamp=1970-01-01T00:00:00+0000 age=489705h46m55.29050471s
INFO [11-12|09:46:55.936] HTTP server stopped                      endpoint=127.0.0.1:33677
TRACE[11-12|09:46:55.936] P2P networking is spinning down

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