Adding 'debug.compile_mlir` to support compiling a standalone MLIR module through Catalyst pipeline

[mehrdad2m]

Context:
Currently, there was no way to compile and run a standalone MLIR file directly from Python without a full @qjit-decorated function. This could be useful for debugging and also for prototyping an MLIR functionality for which frontend lowering doesn't exist yet. The existing but rather hacky workaround for such use-cases is to use debug.replace_ir to create a dummy MLIR and replace the whole file with the desired one.

Description of the Change:
This is essentially a QoL improvement where we add debug.compile_mlir, which compiles an MLIR string or file through the full Catalyst pipeline and returns a callable CompiledMLIR object. The entry-point function name and output types are supplied explicitly via func_name and result_types. The result can be called like a regular Python function and passed to get_compilation_stage to inspect intermediate IR.

Benefits:

Possible Drawbacks:

Related GitHub Issues:

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 97.00%. Comparing base (361109c) to head (9068789).
⚠️ Report is 24 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #2832   +/-   ##
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  Coverage   97.00%   97.00%           
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  Files         167      167           
  Lines       18875    18908   +33     
  Branches     1773     1775    +2     
=======================================
+ Hits        18309    18342   +33     
  Misses        420      420           
  Partials      146      146           

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[joeycarter]

Wow this is great @mehrdad2m! 🤩

I think this would be a great debugging feature to have, I'm happy to approve if the rest of the team agrees.