Move linters to pre-commit

[christophfroehlich]

I removed all linters from the testing stage, as we have a pre-commit config and CI job here.

Advantages:

• Similar config for all packages
• Splitting the linters from the remaining CI tests in a separate job, where they belong to
• I removed the include order filtering in the clang-format setting to match cpplint. This is more of a religious question, I just got used to google code style.
• ament_copyright failed now because of Remove invalid license template. ament/ament_lint#209
• Used the same pre-commit job setting as in ros-controls repo (preinstalling ament linters), and the upload pre-commit patch did not work anymore anyways.