[bsp][stm32][driver] fix phy detection driver

[SummerGift]

拉取/合并请求描述：(PR description)

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检测 PHY 设备时，应当进行多次尝试检测，然后再确定是否报错，而不是只检测一次就报错终止测试程序。

已经在正点原子 f767 开发板上经过测试。

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• 已经仔细查看过代码改动的对比 Already check the difference between PR and old code
• 代码风格正确，包括缩进空格，命名及其他风格 Style guide is adhered to, including spacing, naming and other style
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[rtthread-bot]

Rate: 93.75%
Passed: 15/16

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