1.cls- to clear the screen

2.ECHO This batch command displays messages, or turns command echoing on or off. Syntax: ECHO “string”

@echo off- is to off the display so that command will not be shown when executed

By default, a batch file will display its command as it runs. The purpose of this first command is to turn off this display. The command "echo off" turns off the display for the whole script, except for the "echo off" command itself. The "at" sign "@" in front makes the command apply to itself as well.

3.MD This batch command creates a new directory in the current location. Syntax: md [new directory name]

4.MOVE/COPY/COMP This batch command moves/copy/comp files or directories between directories. Syntax: move/copy/comp [source] [destination]

5.PATH This batch command displays or sets the path variable. Syntax: PATH Example: @echo off Echo %PATH% - always use %path% for diaplying the path

6.PAUSE This batch command prompts the user and waits for a line of input to be entered. Syntax: Pause Example: @echo off pause Output: The command prompt will show the message “Press any key to continue….” to the user and wait for the user’s input.

7.RD This batch command removes directories, but the directories need to be empty before they can be removed. Syntax: rd [directoryname]

• Removes the directory Dir1 including all the files and subdirectories in it rd /s Dir1
• Removes the directory Dir1 including all the files and subdirectories in it but asks for a user confirmation first. rd /q /s Dir1

8.REN Renames files and directories Syntax: ren [oldfile/dirname] [newfile/dirname]

9.REM This batch command is used for remarks in batch files, preventing the content of the remark from being executed. USED FOR COMMENTING Syntax: REM description

OR WE CAN USE :: FOR COMMENTS

10.START This batch command starts a program in new window, or opens a document. Syntax: start notepad.exe

11.TYPE This batch command prints the content of a file or files to the output. Syntax:TYPE [filename]

12.VOL This batch command displays the volume labels. Syntax:VOL

13.ATTRIB Displays or sets the attributes of the files in the current directory Syntax: attrib

Example: The following example shows the different variants of the attrib command.

@echo off Rem Displays the attribites of the file in the current directory Attrib

Rem Displays the attributes of the file lists.txt attrib C:\tp\lists.txt

Rem Adds the "Read-only" attribute to the file. attrib +r C:\tp\lists.txt Attrib C:\tp\lists.txt

Rem Removes the "Archived" attribute from the file attrib -a C:\tp\lists.txt Attrib C:\tp\lists.txt

14.CHKDSK This batch command checks the disk for any problems. Syntax: chkdsk

15.DRIVERQUERY This batch command shows all installed device drivers and their properties. Syntax: driverquery

16.EXPAND This batch command extracts files from compressed .cab cabinet files. Syntax: EXPAND [cabinetfilename]

17.FIND This batch command searches for a string in files or input, outputting matching lines. Syntax: FIND [text] [destination] Where text is the string which needs to be searched for and destination is the source in which the search needs to take place.

Example: @echo off FIND "Application" C:\tp\lists.txt

18.TASKLIST This batch command lists tasks, including task name and process id (PID). Syntax: Tasklist

USE JPS to list the task with proecssid

19.TASKKILL used to kill the task Syntax: taskkill -f /PID processid

20.SET This is used to set the variable Syntax: SET xyz=c:\projects

to display: echo %xyz%

Batch Script - Variables

• There are two types of variables in batch files. One is for parameters which can be passed when the batch file is called and the other is done via the set command.

1.Command Line Arguments

• arguments can be passed to the batch file when invoked.
• EX: create a file test.bat with following command @echo off echo %1 echo %2 echo %3
• run the batch as test.bat 1 2 3 its take 3 parameter

2.SET Coammand

• Synatx: @echo off set message=Hello World //assign variable echo %message% //print the value

• Working with Numeric Values In batch script, it is also possible to define a variable to hold a numeric value. This can be done by using the /A switch.

• Syntax: @echo off SET /A a = 5 //assignvalue SET /A b = 10 SET /A c = %a% + %b% //operation echo %c% //result

IF WE WANT TO PRINT THE VALUE OF A VARIAVLE THEN USE %VARIABLE%

• GLOBAL N LOCAL VARIABLE -Syntax: @echo off set globalvar = 5 SETLOCAL set var = 13145 set /A var = %var% + 5 echo %var% echo %globalvar% ENDLOCAL -O/P: 13150 5

ARRARYS

1.Creating n accessing arrary

• EXAMPLE:

  1. @echo off set list = 1 2 3 4 (for %%a in (%list%) do ( echo %%a ))

  2. set arr[0] = 1 set arr[1] = 2 set arr[2] = 3 echo The first element of the array is %arr[0]% echo The second element of the array is %arr[1]% echo The third element of the array is %arr[2]% IF: The first decision-making statement is the ‘if’ statement. The general form of this statement in Batch Script is as follows −

Syntax: if(condition) do_something EX: SET /A a = 5 SET /A b = 10 SET /A c = %a% + %b% if %c%==15 echo "The value of variable c is 15" if %c%==10 echo "The value of variable c is 10"

OPERATORS:

Operator Description Example EQU Tests the equality between two objects 2 EQU 2 will give true NEQ Tests the difference between two objects 3 NEQ 2 will give true LSS Checks to see if the left object is less than the right operand 2 LSS 3 will give true LEQ Checks to see if the left object is less than or equal to the right operand 2 LEQ 3 will give true GTR Checks to see if the left object is greater than the right operand 3 GTR 2 will give true GEQ Checks to see if the left object is greater than or equal to the right operand 3 GEQ 2 will give true

LOOPING:

1.WHILE:

• Syntax: Set counters :label If (expression) ( Do_something Increment counter Go back to :label )

• EX: @echo off SET /A "index = 1" SET /A "count = 5" :while if %index% leq %count% ( echo The value of index is %index% SET /A "index = index + 1" goto :while )

2.FOR

• Syntax: FOR %%variable IN list DO do_something
• EX: @echo off FOR %%F IN (1 2 3 4 5) DO echo %%F

FUNCTIONS:

• Syntax: :function_name Do_something EXIT /B 0
• Example: :Display SET /A index=2 echo The value of index is %index% EXIT /B 0

1.calling a function:

• Syntax: call :function_name
• Ex: @echo off SETLOCAL CALL :Display EXIT /B %ERRORLEVEL% :Display SET /A index=2 echo The value of index is %index% EXIT /B 0

->One key thing to note when defining the main program is to ensure that the statement EXIT /B %ERRORLEVEL% is put in the main program to separate the code of the main program from the function.

2.function with parameter

• Syntax: Call :function_name parameter1, parameter2… parametern The parameters can then be accessed from within the function by using the tilde (~) character along with the positional number of the parameter.

• Example: @echo off SETLOCAL CALL :Display 5 , 10 EXIT /B %ERRORLEVEL% :Display echo The value of parameter 1 is %~1 echo The value of parameter 2 is %~2 EXIT /B 0

3.function with return values

• Syntax Call :function_name value1, value2… valuen

• Example: @echo off SETLOCAL CALL :SetValue value1,value2 echo %value1% echo %value2% EXIT /B %ERRORLEVEL% :SetValue set "%~1 = 5" set "%~2 = 10" EXIT /B 0