The following example shows other ways you can use the underscore in numeric literals:

long creditCardNumber = 1234_5678_9012_3456L; long socialSecurityNumber = 999_99_9999L; float pi = 3.14_15F; long hexBytes = 0xFF_EC_DE_5E; long hexWords = 0xCAFE_BABE; long maxLong = 0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffffL; byte nybbles = 0b0010_0101; long bytes = 0b11010010_01101001_10010100_10010010; You can place underscores only between digits; you cannot place underscores in the following places:

At the beginning or end of a number Adjacent to a decimal point in a floating point literal Prior to an F or L suffix In positions where a string of digits is expected The following examples demonstrate valid and invalid underscore placements (which are highlighted) in numeric literals:

// Invalid: cannot put underscores // adjacent to a decimal point float pi1 = 3_.1415F; // Invalid: cannot put underscores // adjacent to a decimal point float pi2 = 3._1415F; // Invalid: cannot put underscores // prior to an L suffix long socialSecurityNumber1 = 999_99_9999_L;

// OK (decimal literal) int x1 = 5_2; // Invalid: cannot put underscores // At the end of a literal int x2 = 52_; // OK (decimal literal) int x3 = 5_______2;

// Invalid: cannot put underscores // in the 0x radix prefix int x4 = 0_x52; // Invalid: cannot put underscores // at the beginning of a number int x5 = 0x_52; // OK (hexadecimal literal) int x6 = 0x5_2; // Invalid: cannot put underscores // at the end of a number int x7 = 0x52_;

Array The following program, ArrayDemo, creates an array of integers, puts some values in the array, and prints each value to standard output.

class ArrayDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { // declares an array of integers int[] anArray;

    // allocates memory for 10 integers
    anArray = new int[10];
       
    // initialize first element
    anArray[0] = 100;
    // initialize second element
    anArray[1] = 200;
    // and so forth
    anArray[2] = 300;
    anArray[3] = 400;
    anArray[4] = 500;
    anArray[5] = 600;
    anArray[6] = 700;
    anArray[7] = 800;
    anArray[8] = 900;
    anArray[9] = 1000;

    System.out.println("Element at index 0: "
                       + anArray[0]);
    System.out.println("Element at index 1: "
                       + anArray[1]);
    System.out.println("Element at index 2: "
                       + anArray[2]);
    System.out.println("Element at index 3: "
                       + anArray[3]);
    System.out.println("Element at index 4: "
                       + anArray[4]);
    System.out.println("Element at index 5: "
                       + anArray[5]);
    System.out.println("Element at index 6: "
                       + anArray[6]);
    System.out.println("Element at index 7: "
                       + anArray[7]);
    System.out.println("Element at index 8: "
                       + anArray[8]);
    System.out.println("Element at index 9: "
                       + anArray[9]);
}

} The output from this program is:

Element at index 0: 100 Element at index 1: 200 Element at index 2: 300 Element at index 3: 400 Element at index 4: 500 Element at index 5: 600 Element at index 6: 700 Element at index 7: 800 Element at index 8: 900 Element at index 9: 1000 In a real-world programming situation, you would probably use one of the supported looping constructs to iterate through each element of the array, rather than write each line individually as in the preceding example. However, the example clearly illustrates the array syntax. You will learn about the various looping constructs (for, while, and do-while) in the Control Flow section.

Declaring a Variable to Refer to an Array The preceding program declares an array (named anArray) with the following line of code:

// declares an array of integers int[] anArray; Like declarations for variables of other types, an array declaration has two components: the array's type and the array's name. An array's type is written as type[], where type is the data type of the contained elements; the brackets are special symbols indicating that this variable holds an array. The size of the array is not part of its type (which is why the brackets are empty). An array's name can be anything you want, provided that it follows the rules and conventions as previously discussed in the naming section. As with variables of other types, the declaration does not actually create an array; it simply tells the compiler that this variable will hold an array of the specified type.

Similarly, you can declare arrays of other types:

byte[] anArrayOfBytes; short[] anArrayOfShorts; long[] anArrayOfLongs; float[] anArrayOfFloats; double[] anArrayOfDoubles; boolean[] anArrayOfBooleans; char[] anArrayOfChars; String[] anArrayOfStrings; You can also place the brackets after the array's name:

// this form is discouraged float anArrayOfFloats[]; However, convention discourages this form; the brackets identify the array type and should appear with the type designation.

Creating, Initializing, and Accessing an Array One way to create an array is with the new operator. The next statement in the ArrayDemo program allocates an array with enough memory for 10 integer elements and assigns the array to the anArray variable.

// create an array of integers anArray = new int[10]; If this statement is missing, then the compiler prints an error like the following, and compilation fails:

ArrayDemo.java:4: Variable anArray may not have been initialized. The next few lines assign values to each element of the array:

anArray[0] = 100; // initialize first element anArray[1] = 200; // initialize second element anArray[2] = 300; // and so forth Each array element is accessed by its numerical index:

System.out.println("Element 1 at index 0: " + anArray[0]); System.out.println("Element 2 at index 1: " + anArray[1]); System.out.println("Element 3 at index 2: " + anArray[2]); Alternatively, you can use the shortcut syntax to create and initialize an array:

int[] anArray = { 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 }; Here the length of the array is determined by the number of values provided between braces and separated by commas.

You can also declare an array of arrays (also known as a multidimensional array) by using two or more sets of brackets, such as String[][] names. Each element, therefore, must be accessed by a corresponding number of index values.

In the Java programming language, a multidimensional array is an array whose components are themselves arrays. This is unlike arrays in C or Fortran. A consequence of this is that the rows are allowed to vary in length, as shown in the following MultiDimArrayDemo program:

class MultiDimArrayDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { String[][] names = { {"Mr. ", "Mrs. ", "Ms. "}, {"Smith", "Jones"} }; // Mr. Smith System.out.println(names[0][0] + names[1][0]); // Ms. Jones System.out.println(names[0][2] + names[1][1]); } } The output from this program is:

Mr. Smith Ms. Jones Finally, you can use the built-in length property to determine the size of any array. The following code prints the array's size to standard output:

System.out.println(anArray.length); Copying Arrays The System class has an arraycopy method that you can use to efficiently copy data from one array into another:

public static void arraycopy(Object src, int srcPos, Object dest, int destPos, int length) The two Object arguments specify the array to copy from and the array to copy to. The three int arguments specify the starting position in the source array, the starting position in the destination array, and the number of array elements to copy.

The following program, ArrayCopyDemo, declares an array of String elements. It uses the System.arraycopy method to copy a subsequence of array components into a second array:

class ArrayCopyDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] copyFrom = { "Affogato", "Americano", "Cappuccino", "Corretto", "Cortado",
"Doppio", "Espresso", "Frappucino", "Freddo", "Lungo", "Macchiato",
"Marocchino", "Ristretto" };

    String[] copyTo = new String[7];
    System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);
    for (String coffee : copyTo) {
        System.out.print(coffee + " ");           
    }
}

} The output from this program is:

Cappuccino Corretto Cortado Doppio Espresso Frappucino Freddo Array Manipulations Arrays are a powerful and useful concept used in programming. Java SE provides methods to perform some of the most common manipulations related to arrays. For instance, the ArrayCopyDemo example uses the arraycopy method of the System class instead of manually iterating through the elements of the source array and placing each one into the destination array. This is performed behind the scenes, enabling the developer to use just one line of code to call the method.

For your convenience, Java SE provides several methods for performing array manipulations (common tasks, such as copying, sorting and searching arrays) in the java.util.Arrays class. For instance, the previous example can be modified to use the copyOfRange method of the java.util.Arrays class, as you can see in the ArrayCopyOfDemo example. The difference is that using the copyOfRange method does not require you to create the destination array before calling the method, because the destination array is returned by the method:

class ArrayCopyOfDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] copyFrom = { "Affogato", "Americano", "Cappuccino", "Corretto", "Cortado",
"Doppio", "Espresso", "Frappucino", "Freddo", "Lungo", "Macchiato",
"Marocchino", "Ristretto" };

    String[] copyTo = java.util.Arrays.copyOfRange(copyFrom, 2, 9);        
    for (String coffee : copyTo) {
        System.out.print(coffee + " ");           
    }            
}

} As you can see, the output from this program is the same, although it requires fewer lines of code. Note that the second parameter of the copyOfRange method is the initial index of the range to be copied, inclusively, while the third parameter is the final index of the range to be copied, exclusively. In this example, the range to be copied does not include the array element at index 9 (which contains the string Lungo).

Some other useful operations provided by methods in the java.util.Arrays class are:

Searching an array for a specific value to get the index at which it is placed (the binarySearch method).

Comparing two arrays to determine if they are equal or not (the equals method).

Filling an array to place a specific value at each index (the fill method).

Sorting an array into ascending order. This can be done either sequentially, using the sort method, or concurrently, using the parallelSort method introduced in Java SE 8. Parallel sorting of large arrays on multiprocessor systems is faster than sequential array sorting.

Creating a stream that uses an array as its source (the stream method). For example, the following statement prints the contents of the copyTo array in the same way as in the previous example:

java.util.Arrays.stream(copyTo).map(coffee -> coffee + " ").forEach(System.out::print);
See Aggregate Operations for more information about streams.

Converting an array to a string. The toString method converts each element of the array to a string, separates them with commas, then surrounds them with brackets. For example, the following statement converts the copyTo array to a string and prints it:

System.out.println(java.util.Arrays.toString(copyTo)); This statement prints the following:

[Cappuccino, Corretto, Cortado, Doppio, Espresso, Frappucino, Freddo]