Adding DampedOscillator code

[the-yash-rajput]

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized it.
• All filenames are in PascalCase.
• All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions.
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations.
• All new code is formatted with clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 91.66667% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 77.85%. Comparing base (fb5a765) to head (98e11da).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...va/com/thealgorithms/physics/DampedOscillator.java	91.66%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master    #6801      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     77.84%   77.85%   +0.01%     
- Complexity     6350     6360      +10     
============================================
  Files           730      731       +1     
  Lines         21166    21190      +24     
  Branches       4139     4142       +3     
============================================
+ Hits          16476    16498      +22     
- Misses         4032     4034       +2     
  Partials        658      658              

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[the-yash-rajput]

@alxkm Please review and merge this PR.

[alxkm]

Looks good. Thank you for the contribution.