feat(graph): implement Tarjan's Bridge-Finding Algorithm

[Keykyrios]

Description

This PR adds an implementation of Tarjan's Bridge-Finding Algorithm to the graph directory. The algorithm efficiently finds all bridge edges (edges whose removal increases the number of connected components) in an undirected graph in O(V + E) time complexity using a Depth-First Search (DFS) approach.

A comprehensive JUnit 5 test suite (TarjanBridgesTest.java) has also been included to validate various standard and edge cases, including disconnected graphs, cyclic graphs, and trees. I have also verified that clang-format is completely satisfied.

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized it.
• All filenames are in PascalCase.
• All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions.
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations.
• All new algorithms include a corresponding test class that validates their functionality.
• All new code is formatted with clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 94.44444% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 79.47%. Comparing base (92d4702) to head (5fae07f).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...in/java/com/thealgorithms/graph/TarjanBridges.java	94.44%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master    #7346      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     79.46%   79.47%   +0.01%     
- Complexity     7085     7091       +6     
============================================
  Files           790      791       +1     
  Lines         23166    23202      +36     
  Branches       4557     4565       +8     
============================================
+ Hits          18408    18440      +32     
- Misses         4022     4024       +2     
- Partials        736      738       +2     

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[DenizAltunkapan]

@Keykyrios Thank you for your contribution