feat: add Catalan numbers implementation using dynamic programming

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
     * [Union Find](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/data_structures/union_find.rs)
     * [Veb Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/data_structures/veb_tree.rs)
   * Dynamic Programming
+    * [Catalan Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/dynamic_programming/catalan_numbers.rs)
     * [Coin Change](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/dynamic_programming/coin_change.rs)
     * [Egg Dropping](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/dynamic_programming/egg_dropping.rs)
     * [Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Rust/blob/master/src/dynamic_programming/fibonacci.rs)

src/dynamic_programming/catalan_numbers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+//! Catalan Numbers using Dynamic Programming
+//!
+//! The Catalan numbers are a sequence of positive integers that appear in many
+//! counting problems in combinatorics. Such problems include counting:
+//! - The number of Dyck words of length 2n
+//! - The number of well-formed expressions with n pairs of parentheses
+//!   (e.g., `()()` is valid but `())(` is not)
+//! - The number of different ways n + 1 factors can be completely parenthesized
+//!   (e.g., for n = 2, C(n) = 2 and (ab)c and a(bc) are the two valid ways)
+//! - The number of full binary trees with n + 1 leaves
+//!
+//! A Catalan number satisfies the following recurrence relation:
+//! - C(0) = C(1) = 1
+//! - C(n) = sum(C(i) * C(n-i-1)), from i = 0 to n-1
+//!
+//! Sources:
+//! - [Brilliant.org](https://brilliant.org/wiki/catalan-numbers/)
+//! - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_number)
+
+/// Computes the Catalan number sequence from 0 through `upper_limit`.
+///
+/// # Arguments
+///
+/// * `upper_limit` - The upper limit for the Catalan sequence (must be ≥ 0)
+///
+/// # Returns
+///
+/// A vector containing Catalan numbers from C(0) to C(upper_limit)
+///
+/// # Complexity
+///
+/// * Time complexity: O(n²)
+/// * Space complexity: O(n)
+///
+/// where `n` is the `upper_limit`.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use the_algorithms_rust::dynamic_programming::catalan_numbers;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(catalan_numbers(5), vec![1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42]);
+/// assert_eq!(catalan_numbers(2), vec![1, 1, 2]);
+/// assert_eq!(catalan_numbers(0), vec![1]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Warning
+///
+/// This will overflow the 64-bit unsigned integer for large values of `upper_limit`.
+/// For example, C(21) and beyond will cause overflow.
+pub fn catalan_numbers(upper_limit: usize) -> Vec<u64> {
+    let mut catalan_list = vec![0u64; upper_limit + 1];
+
+    // Base case: C(0) = 1
+    catalan_list[0] = 1;
+
+    // Base case: C(1) = 1
+    if upper_limit > 0 {
+        catalan_list[1] = 1;
+    }
+
+    // Recurrence relation: C(i) = sum(C(j) * C(i-j-1)), from j = 0 to i-1
+    for i in 2..=upper_limit {
+        for j in 0..i {
+            catalan_list[i] += catalan_list[j] * catalan_list[i - j - 1];
+        }
+    }
+
+    catalan_list
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_catalan_numbers_basic() {
+        assert_eq!(catalan_numbers(5), vec![1, 1, 2, 5, 14, 42]);
+        assert_eq!(catalan_numbers(2), vec![1, 1, 2]);
+        assert_eq!(catalan_numbers(0), vec![1]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_catalan_numbers_single() {
+        assert_eq!(catalan_numbers(1), vec![1, 1]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_catalan_numbers_extended() {
+        let result = catalan_numbers(10);
+        assert_eq!(result.len(), 11);
+        assert_eq!(result[0], 1);
+        assert_eq!(result[1], 1);
+        assert_eq!(result[2], 2);
+        assert_eq!(result[3], 5);
+        assert_eq!(result[4], 14);
+        assert_eq!(result[5], 42);
+        assert_eq!(result[6], 132);
+        assert_eq!(result[7], 429);
+        assert_eq!(result[8], 1430);
+        assert_eq!(result[9], 4862);
+        assert_eq!(result[10], 16796);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_catalan_first_few() {
+        // Verify the first few Catalan numbers match known values
+        assert_eq!(catalan_numbers(3), vec![1, 1, 2, 5]);
+        assert_eq!(catalan_numbers(4), vec![1, 1, 2, 5, 14]);
+    }
+}

src/dynamic_programming/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+mod catalan_numbers;
 mod coin_change;
 mod egg_dropping;
 mod fibonacci;
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ mod task_assignment;
 mod trapped_rainwater;
 mod word_break;
 
+pub use self::catalan_numbers::catalan_numbers;
 pub use self::coin_change::coin_change;
 pub use self::egg_dropping::egg_drop;
 pub use self::fibonacci::binary_lifting_fibonacci;