Journal

Objectives

• Practice with SQLite as a database
• Create nice and intuitive layouts
• Use the Floating Action Button

Background

For this project, you will create an app that represents a journal. In this app, you should be able to view a list of your journal entries, and of course also add new ones. A journal entry should typically consist of at least a few fields, such as the date/timestamp of the entry, the entry contents and some addition, such as an emoji reprenting your mood at the time of the entry.

For this app, we will make use of the Floating Action Button, which is in accordance with Material Design standards for the Android Platform. The app will consist of three activities, one that holds a list with a possibility to add a new entry. Upon clicking the Floating Action button, the user should be directed to a second activity containing fields that will allow them to add a new journal entry. Finally, a third activity will show details of the selected journal entry,

Getting started

1. Create a new Android studio project called Journal, using these settings:

   • Choose API 24 (Nougat) unless your own phone has an older operating system
   • Start with an Empty Activity which is called MainActivity
   • Leave all other settings unchanged

2. Create a new, empty repository on the Github website. Name your repository Journal.

3. Now, add a git repository to the project on your computer. Go to Android Studio, and in the menu choose VCS -> Enable Version Control Integration. Choose git as the type and confirm. This will not change much, but sets us up for the next steps.

   Note: if you get a popup to ask whether you would like to add some file to the repository, answer "No" for now. If you answer "Yes", things may get complicated later on.

4. Link the local repository to your Github project. Choose VCS -> Git -> Remotes.... Add a remote with name "origin".

5. Android Studio has generated quite a few files for your project already. To add these, let's commit and push those files to Github. Press Cmd-K or Ctrl-K to show the Commit Changes screen. There, you should see a long list of "unversioned files". Make sure all checkboxes are selected, enter a commit message Initial project and then press the commit button. Turn off code analysis.

6. Press Cmd-Shift-K or Ctrl-Shift-K to show the Push Commits dialog. Press the Push button to send everything to Github.

Your project files should now be visible on Github. If not, ask for help!

Architecture

Here's a general overview of the app architecture. There will be three activities, as well as a couple of classes that handle database access. Specifically, there's a model class, which represents the core concept of this app: a journal entry.

Creating the basic user interface

• MainActivity will contain the list of items and a floating action button.

  • Change the root layout of the activity_main.xml file to a CoordinatorLayout as this allows us to add the few components we need and position those in a very simple way.

  • Our journal entries will be contained in a list, so add a ListView, to be found under the Container section of the palette.

  • Then, add a floating action button, which is listed under the Design section of the palette. After you have added it, the button is most likely hovering in the upper left corner. Set the layout_gravity to bottom + end to attach it to the bottom right corner.

    Setting gravity to end instead of right ensures that the button will actually be attached to the left if used on a phone that is set to a language that is read from right to left, like Arabic. Useful!

• We need to show items in our ListView later, and we'll create a separate layout for those.

  • Create a new layout resource file (remember how?), called entry_row.xml, and add the views that will need to be shown for each journal entry.

  • Think about what your list should show and how. Probably the title of the journal entry is most important. Will you show the "mood", too? And the timestamp?

• The second activity, called InputActivity, should allow the user to input the contents of the journal entry. You might want to change the root layout to a more appropriate choice. Add several EditText elements, as well as a button to allow for submission of the entry.

• The third activity, called DetailActivity, should show the full contents of a journal entry in a visually pleasing way. Build the layout as you like, as long as all four attributes of the entry are represented on-screen.

Handling user interaction

Let's now add the listeners needed to handle user interactions. Make sure that your listeners are never anonymous. Either have them use their own inner class (remember how?), or simply define a method to be called via the onClick attribute of the layout.

• Add a regular onClick listener to the floating action button. Use an Intent to direct the user to another activity to create a journal entry.

• Create another listener for the confirmation button in this activity, but leave its body empty for now as we do not have our database implemented yet.

• Add an OnItemClickListener to the ListView, as well as an OnItemLongClickListener. Again you can leave the actual functionality of the listeners blank for now, as we will implement this later on, when our database is all set up!

Note that the method implemented by OnItemLongClickListener returns a boolean. This boolean indicates whether any further actions should be taken on this layout item after the long click, in other words, whether the regular click should trigger as well. Since we do not want this, we should return true at the end of the method implementation, indicating the click was handled by the onItemLongClick method and no further action is needed.

Model the journal entries

To hold the data of our journal entries, we will create a new class that represents them. This class will be called JournalEntry and should have the following fields:

• id
• title
• content
• mood
• timestamp

Also generate a constructor, getters and setters for your class using Cmd+N/Alt+Ins. (For more detailed instructions, have a look at "Modeling friends" in the Friendsr project.)

Also, since we want to pass instances of this class using an Intent, we want to make the class implement Serializable to facilitate this.

Creating a database helper

To store our journal entries, we will make use of a SQLite database. Let's create a database helper class for this purpose:

• Create a new Java class named EntryDatabase using the superclass android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper. This superclass provides a lot of database functionality, but we will need to provide some, too.

• The file will not compile currently, because we haven't provided implementations for all required methods. Press CTRL-I to open up the Implement Methods dialog. Two methods are already selected: press OK to add them both.

• Finally, we need to create the right constructor for our class. Then press CTRL-O to open up the Override Methods dialog. Choose the simplest constructor (the topmost) and press OK to create it.

Writing database creation methods

We now have the very basic functionality of our database class, but we still need to define what onCreate() will do. Since we are going to store our Entry objects in the database, we need a table that represents these fields accurately. Our table should look like the example below, with columns that represent each field of our Entry model.

_id	title	content	mood	timestamp
1	...	...	...	...
2	...	...	...	...
3	...	...	...	...

Now that we know what our database structure should look like, we can create the appropriate SQL query to generate the table. A proper SQL query to create a table should contain the name of the table and the names and data types of the columns in the table.

    create table TABLE_NAME (COLUMN1_NAME COLUMN1_TYPE, COLUMN2_NAME COLUMN2_TYPE, COLUMN3_NAME COLUMN3_TYPE);

Since we want to keep track of a timestamp, it's practical to make our table automatically generate a timestamp for each journal entry when it's inserted into the database. It should also auto-increment the entry _id, since each row should have a unique identifier to be able to retrieve it.

Note that due to the structure of the query, you should avoid spaces in your column names. Protected words that denote data types or SQL keywords (such as JOIN, ADD, ACTION, CROSS) should also be avoided as column names, as these might cause your query to be wrongly interpreted.

If you are unsure about your query, you can verify it using services like sqlfiddle which allows you to check whether your query is syntactically correct.

• Implement onCreate(): write code that creates a table called entries with columns title, content, mood and timestamp. Also add an _id column of type INTEGER PRIMARY KEY. You can create a variable of type String that holds your SQL query and then execute the SQL query using the sqliteDatabase.execSQL() method.

• Implement onUpgrade(): write code that drops the entries table (if it exists) and recreates it by calling onCreate(). This is so we can start with a clean slate in case we want to, or if we want to change the schema (table structure) of our database later on.

• Finally, to your onCreate(), add some code that creates sample items, so that we can use these to test.

Transform the helper into a singleton

We'll now convert the EntryDatabase class into a Singleton. This means that only one instance of the class can exist at the same time: there can never be multiple instances of the EntryDatabase class. Instead of calling the constructor directly, we ask whether there is currently an instance of EntryDatabase that exists. If so, this instance will be returned to us. Only if it does not exist yet, it will be created.

• First, make the constructor private instead of public.

• Then, add a private static variable called instance of type EntryDatabase. This is where the unique instance of the class is stored, once made.

• Then, add a public static method called getInstance() which should accept a parameter of type Context. This method should return the value of instance if available, and otherwise call the constructor that is now private, providing the right parameters (see SQLite), and storing that in instance.

• To ensure that everything is in order, place the following line at the bottom of your MainActivity's onCreate() method:

        EntryDatabase db = EntryDatabase.getInstance(getApplicationContext());

You project should now compile and run successfully, though data is not yet displayed.

Write the select method

• Write a method called selectAll() in EntryDatabase. First, use getWritableDatabase() to open up the connection with the database. Use the method rawQuery from that object to run a SELECT * FROM entries query and return the Cursor.

The rawQuery method takes two arguments, the first one is the query with placeholders, the second a string array with the strings that should go in place of the placeholders:

    rawQuery("SELECT id, example_column FROM table WHERE name = ? AND example_column = ?", new String[] {"2", "column_value"});

Of course since we are selecting everything, we have no placeholders or arguments, so the second argument of rawQuery can be null!

• Use your custom entry_row.xml and create a new class EntryAdapter inheriting from ResourceCursorAdapter. Implement a constructor public EntryAdapter(Context context, Cursor cursor). Call super and pass on the context and the cursor, and also the id of the layout that you just made. Tip: layout IDs start with R.layout and not R.id!

• Implement the abstract method bindView(), which takes a View and fills the right elements with data from the cursor.

  • Use Cursor.getInt(columnIndex) to retrieve the value of one column as an integer.
  • Use Cursor.getColumnIndex(name) to get the column index for a column named name.
  • Call view.findViewById() to get references to the controls in the row layout.

• In the onCreate() of the MainActivity, use the EntryDatabase to get all records from the database, make a new EntryAdapter and link the ListView to the adapter.

The app should now display all example entries from the database!

Write the insert method

• First, link the confirmation button in the EntryActivity to a new method called addEntry through its onClick attribute.
• In the database class, add a public method insert() which accepts an Entry object as its parameter.
• In that method, open a connection to the database (see the instructions for select all), and create a new ContentValues object. Use the put method to add values for title, content and mood. Then, call insert on the database connection, passing in the right parameters (nullColumnHack may simply be null).

The ContentValues class offers an easy way to bind values to columns for SQLite. It also prevents user input from directly appearing in the SQL string unescaped and unchecked, making your application less vulnerable to SQL injection.

• Now go back to the activity, use EntryDatabase.getInstance() to get to the database instance, and call the insert method that we just defined.

Your app should now allow you to insert new entries into the database, which should also show up in your MainActivity when you go back to it.

Write the delete method

• In your database class, write a method that accepts a long id as a parameter.
• Using this parameter, call a query that removes the entry with that id from the database. Why do you think we are removing by id and not by title, for example?
• For Android, delete actions are usually tied to long clicking items. Add code to your OnItemLongClickListener class from MainActivity that deletes the selected item from the database. If unsure how to retrieve what item was clicked, refer to the section 'Extract what actually was clicked on' from the Friendsr project.

Since we have a list of Cursor objects in our adapter, the item returned by getItemAtPosition is of the type Cursor. Then, when you have the cursor object, you can extract the values of the columns like you did in the bindView() method of your adapter.

Make sure the interface stays up to date

To make sure that the list view always displays the most up-to-date information from the database, we are going to update it every time we change something. Since we cannot edit items, this mostly applies to deleting and adding items.

• In MainActivity, create a private method called updateData().

• You will need access to the database, as well as to the adapter. Add private instance variables to your class: EntryDatabase db and EntryAdapter adapter.

• In your onCreate() you already create an instance of the EntryDatabase and of the EntryAdapter. Change the code to save these instances to the instance variables that we just created.

When determining the scope of your variables, always ask yourself if the scope in which they are available matches the scope in which they are needed. While sometimes it's efficient to declare a variable for the whole class to use, it's certainly not always necessary.

• Now we can write the body for the method updateData(). You can use the method swapCursor() on the adapter to put in a new cursor for the updated data. Where do you get that new cursor? Just call selectAll() on the database again, as you did in onCreate().

• Call your new method right after calling delete() from the OnItemLongClick implementation, so the new list is rendered, without the deleted item.

• When adding items, we are coming back from the previous activity, so we probably need to do something in the MainActivity's onResume()!

Accessing a journal entry's details

Finally, we want to be able to access the content of a journal entry, and not just its title, timestamp and associated mood.

• In the onItemClick of your ListView, write code that fires an Intent to the third activity that shows the entry details.
• Add the instance of Entry that was clicked on to the intent using a Bundle. If unsure how to do this, again refer to the 'Extract what actually was clicked on' section from the Friendsr project.
• In the third activity, retrieve the Intent and the associated Entry object and show the contents of the entry in the appropriate views.

Finishing up

• Have a look at the class diagram at the top of this assignment. Are all classes present in your project? What's the difference?

• As always, consider this week's assessment criteria and make sure your app works well and the code looks nice.

Some ideas

• Make sure the app remembers at which point the user was in the listview, so they don't have to rescroll upon rotation or coming back to the list.

• Allow the user to mark certain entries as 'favorites'.