enhance argument parsing

[jepler]

This is a start to implementing micropython#7633 for those who want to snoop on the code. I'll be adding uses of the new API functionality, and we'll see how it changes code size.

[jepler]

I took a second stab at this, first implementing MP_ARG_FLOAT and then MP_ARG_FUNC, MP_ARG_TYPE and MP_ARG_ARRAY_OF. This is at https://github.com/adafruit/circuitpython/compare/main...jepler:arg-parse-2?expand=1

I found that

• There weren't as many places as I thought to validate ranges
• On non-express m0 boards, there weren't enough uses of MP_ARG_FLOAT to justify the code bloat
• Even on express m0 boards (specifically circuitplayground_express) there weren't enough uses of MP_ARG_FUNC & MP_ARG_TYPE to justify the code bloat.

This is disappointing, I expected there to be small but real wins on the low end. Looks like that is not the case.

Perhaps I made some errors in implementation, but those are my findings.